Leadership In Enders Game Essay

Ender represents the best picture of leadership. He is dedicated to fall uponing, to doing well, is innovative, comprehends everything he sets his mind to, has strong self-awareness, has strong crowd dynamics-awareness, understands power dynamics, and is sagacity and compassionate towards those he leads. He understands that he has to sometimes do things that he doesnt essential to, to take in a point made or a mission accomplished.He knows how to evaluate talent and abilities and knows how to adapt his outline around the tools and people he has been handed. The flexibility to adapt and his ability to out- bet his opponents makes him authorized and most classical, people want to follow Ender. They want to him to lead and they want to follow him. Ender knows that the best strategy for defeating the Buggers is for him to train every one of his guys to think like a commander, so that in the course of battle, each respective(prenominal) is fully cap adequate of being decisive an d making key choices to be responsible for their side.Ender had incredible awareness of every moment and how he pronto adapted to whatever came his way. He had the ability to asses each situation, weigh the pros and cons, and fiddle only on what was necessary for his survival. He made sound and well-timed(a) decisions and he also demonstrated that he was technically and tactfully proficient. He never acted on ego, vengeance, pride or greed. His motives were straight, even as he fought his own inner battles. A lesson wise to(p) was that Building Loyalty was important when having, being a part of or leading a group of individuals. For example, when Ender became a commander of a green force, he doesnt right international order them around. He develops relationships and respect amongst his soldiers.He was insuring that he wasnt a friend but more of a respected commander. Being able to Develop Flexibility and Teamwork Above All Else was also an important lesson. disdain the fact that Enders soldiers were overworked the Dragon Army won every genius situation that was thrown at them. Flexibility and independence helped the Dragon Army to succeed in face of impossible odds. Having particular friends was a lesson that took him farthest in some cases. Ender was an outcast but he managed to befriend Alai, Dink, Petra and edible bean. They skilful happen to be the best of the best. These friendships dont provide prompt benefits to Ender but these friends become invaluable during Command School. Buddy up with the best, you never know when youll work with them.There are many lessons to take away from this book but there is also guidance as to what not to do. Its important to learn from your mistakes as well as learn from others mistakes. For example, dont think youre all that. Many children at the Battle School resent Ender because he was the best. If Ender was the best, that means that these kids arent the best. A blow to the ego when all you were thinking was that you were the best. The square leaders, such as Dink and Petra, put their own egos excursus and gave Ender appropriate respect. Dont judge based on appearance alone.Ender was small and young, Petra was a girl, and Bean was tiny and arrogant but all of them are exceptional. A dead on target leader can see beyond the surface and see true potential. Dont react emotionally. Doing so can burr a mission and make decisions selfish. Bonzo failed as a leader because he ran on his emotions. Bonzo made decisions based on emotions, not logic. That type of decision-making lead to his death. Ender functioned differently. He channeled his anger using logic. Good leaders can put their emotions aside when necessary. And lastly, dont stop learning. There is always room for receipts no matter who you are. Ender continually matured as a leader, throughout the story.This book is in the commandants reading list because it uses military mindset on with the important traits that the marine corps wants us to have instilled in ourselves as marines. The obvious would be the leadership characteristics that are possessed by the chief(prenominal) character. Another would be the whole scenario of the school itself. Ender left home to tangle with a different world. Every marine has been through this. Its an alteration that we all have gone through and we have all learned these same lessons along the way weather we are aware that we have or not.

Milpa Agriculture vs. Industrial Agriculture Essay

The Milpa market-gardening and Industrial tillage support many similarities and differences. Milpa agriculture is a form of swidden agriculture that is practiced in Mesoamerica. Traditional Milpa is im coifed with corn whiskey, beans, and corn. Industrial agriculture is a modern faming that produces a life stock, poultry, and crops. The methods that industrial agriculture uptake to techno scientific, economic, and political. In Milpa agriculture some farmers use a coa stick in order to plan their crops and industrial farming the farmers use different machines.Industrial agriculture makes their job easier and faster by victimisation the machines and technology. In Milpa agriculture is the totally opposite thing they dont use technology in order to grow their crops it takes them longer to plant their crops by using simple method and one of the methods is the coa stick. Milpa agriculture has more than one plant such as maize, beans, and squash. Industrial agriculture all focuse s on one plant.For example if industrial agriculture wants to grow maize they focus only in that specific plant that is being planted. Milpa is handed- waste in Mesoamerica. What I mean by this is that when milpa is planted in Mesoamerica is passed down in the family generations. Mesoamericans try to withstand their tradition of planting milpa. In industrial agriculture is not really traditional to pass it down into their families mostly it is done because of the money. Industrial agriculture uses lots of pesticides in order to keep their crops from danger.By using pesticides they wont lose lots of their crops. Milpa agriculture doesnt really rely on the use of pesticides. Milpa agriculture does carry the advantage of losing crops because they dont use pesticides. Thats the reason in milpa agriculture more than one crop is incorporated at the analogous time they have the other crops to rely on not average on the maize. If industrial agriculture loses all their crops they wont have anything to rely on because they only focus on growing on type of crops.

Social Change

Sociology and Social qualify ar not words that the total person thinks about on a daily basis. However, these argon by all odds two areas that effect association on a regularly. Chapter unmatched of the text edition discusses these subjects. This chapter gives a detailed view of the kinds of diversity, levels of change, and causes of change. Although these are not things that are pondered upon, the schooling outlined in chapter superstar helps clarify why and how things change. It can be extremely difficult to read about or research a topic and not know exactly what it is.The first thing chapter one does is defines social change. The textbooks definition of social change is the monumental alteration of social structure and cultural patterns through clock time. In other(a) words, its when there has been a big enough change in society and its actions everyplace time to make an impact. This constituent also breaks overmaster social structure as the interactions between people and groups that have catch predictable. After explaining specifically what social change is, the chapter then goes into more detail.The adjacent thing that it talks about is the kinds of change. There are five contrasting kinds of change. The first is changes in personnel. This is the change where different individuals with their own unique pasts are constantly moving throughout social structures. Next is change in the panache parts of the structure relate. This kind of change deals with the relationship roles, in particular those in the family setting. The third kinds of change are changes in the function of the structures. This change is how and what is contributed to society.Although an establishment is created to fulfill one particular need, it may very hygienic adapt to assist with additional needs. Fourth, the next kinds of change are the changes in relationships between different structures. This is how certain organization may adapt over time to fulfill the need s of society at the time. Lastly, there is the outcome of new structures. The next section discusses the levels of change. There are three levels discussed in this section micro, macro, and societal.Micro level of change is the level of change that focuses on individuals and things that are of everyday concern to people. Macro level of change deals with society as a whole and how decisions are possibly formulated in society. social level of change is the changes that happen within the urbanized society. These changes take long-lived to occur and mostly affect choices between women and men, and marriage ideals. The section today following talks briefly about time frames of change.This segment gives a synopsis of short consideration and long term change. Short term change is normally more noticeable and obvious. Long term change is oftentimes harder to recognize and has a larger influence. The last big section of this chapter talks about the causes of change. This portion starts off by identifying the contrariety in consequences and change. It clarifies that there is a difference but also states that there is a correlation. The next cause of change can be external or internal. These are also known as exogenous and endogenous.External causes, as one assumes, are those beyond the control of ones own power. engineering science would be an example of external cause. Internal causes are those factors that happen naturally without any influence from outside forces. This section discussed three internal causes in particular. Those causes were the gap between the ideas that we share as society and the actual practices of society, the difference in what every individual learns and picks up in socialization, and the difference in the way individuals take on social roles and how they define them.Chapter one is a great introductory chapter to social change. Chapter one is a great way to start this textbook off in showing the world of sociology. non only does it exp lain what social change is, it gives exact reasons as to why. From the kinds of change, to the time frame of change, it is all relevant as to why society has reached its current culture. As well as why we are the people of society and how our actions have evolved over time.

Accounting Data in Productivity Measurement and Strategic Decision-Making

Table of national Page number Executive Summary- 2 Introduction 3 What is live worry relationship? - 5 importance of entropy gathering - 6 write up entropy for ingatheringiveness mea originalment 7 account info for ending making - 9 Identifying moneymaking segments victimisation freshlys report 11 managerial Accounting changes 13 Conclusion - 14 Reference - 15 Executive summaryThe report titled Accounting tuition in Productivity Measurement and strategicalal Decision-Making provides an summary and military rating of how method of business relationship info is apply by companies to push their advantageousness and to reform their productiveness. Most of the culture and schooling has been conglomerateed from online diarys. The journals collected were written by renowned professors and researchers from established universities. The journals dealt with non only the importance of information collection for promoting profitable segments but as well a s on the recent change in invoice practices around the world with immemorial focus on ontogeny countries.Results of the report suggest that data minelaying is an essential activity for firms who ar committed to advance their productivity. The fall uponings similarly suggest that such(prenominal) randomness books for firms to ensue their budgets. The report stupefys that much and to a greater extent firms assume recognized the importance of data collection for their organization and atomic number 18 finding newborn ways to promote efficient story practices. The report too investigates certain limitations of the journals used. The journals ar oft much ecumenicized rather than using information ab come in a certain organization.More everywhere the data provided in the journals moves over long periods of succession by many different firms in many nations. gum olibanum the findings may non be applicable for all firms. Introduction What is managerial accountin g? managerial accountingis concerned with the provisions and use ofaccounting information to managers at heart organizations, to provide them with the basis to thrust informed pedigree decisions that will allow them to be better equipped in their way and control functions. In contrast tofinancial accountancyinformation, counsel accounting information is * generally forward-looking, instead of historical model ground with a degree of stimulus generalisation to support decision making generically, instead of case based * intentional and think for use by managers within the organization, instead of being intended for use by shareholders, extensionors, and public regulators * usually confidential and used by steering, instead of publicly reported * Computed by reference to the deals of managers, lots using steering information systems, instead of by reference to general financial accounting standards.According to theInstitute of Management Accountants(IMA)-Management acco unting is a trade that involves partnering in wariness decision making, devising readiness and comeance management systems, and providing expertise in financial reporting and control to look management in the formulation and implementation of an organizations strategy.managerial accounting as practice extends to the undermentioned three areas * Strategic managementadvancing the role of the management control as a strategic partner in the organization. * accomplishment management develop the practice of business decision-making and managing the surgical cognitive process of the organization. * Risk management convey to frameworks and practices for divulgeing, meter, managing and reporting risks to the achievement of the objectives of the organization.The Institute of Certified Managerial Accountants (ICMA), statesA managerial accountant applies his or her professional intimacy and skill in the dressing and proveation of financial and other(a) decision oriented informa tion in such a way as to assist management in the formulation of policies and in the grooming and control of the deed of the undertaking. Managerial accountants therefore are seen as the value-creators amongst the accountants.They are much more arouse in forward looking and taking decisions that will affect the future(a) of the organization, than in the historical recording and compliance aspects of the profession. Managerial accounting knowledge and experience abide therefore be obtained from varied fields and functions within an organization, such as information management, treasury, efficiency auditing, marketing, valuation, pricing, logistics, etc. (Managerial Accounting,2011, para1-2) Importance of Managerial accounting for firms in generalManagerial accountants record financial information for their companies that is used by the organizations management team to aid in the decision-making process. Managerial accountants develop budgets, perform asset and hail management, and induce authorized reports used by the management team. Managers depend greatly on the information provided by managerial accountants to develop effective business strategies. Small business owners suffer most of the decisions within their lodge.The information presented by managerial accountants affects the owners ability to make sound business decisions. The two primary functions of managerial accounting in a firm are planning and controlling. some(prenominal) of these help managers accomplish decision making. Managerial accountants have a bivalent reporting relationship. As a strategic partner and supplier of decision based financial and working(a) information, managerial accountants are obligated for managing the business team and at the same time having to report relationships and responsibilities to the corporations pay organization.The activities managerial accountants provide inclusive of forecasting and planning, performing variance analysis, reviewing and su pervise be inherent in the business are ones that have dual accountability to some(prenominal) pay and the business team. Examples of tasks where accountability may be more meaningful to the business management team vs. the corporate finance department are the development of new product costing,operations research, business driver metrics, sales management score carding, and client gainfulness analysis.Conversely, the proviso of certain financial reports, reconciliations of the financial data to source systems, risk and regulatory reporting will be more useful to the corporate finance team as they are charged with aggregating certain financial information from all segments of the corporation. In corporations that derive much of their profits from the information economy, such as banks, publishing houses, telecommunications companies and defense contractors, IT costs are a large source of uncontrollable spending, which in size is often the greatest corporate cost after total c ompensation costs and property link up costs.A function of management accounting in such organizations is to work nearly with the IT department to provideIT cost transparency. Managerial accountants help drive the victory of the business while strict financial accounting is more of a compliance and historical endeavor. The goal of managerial accounting in a firm is to provide information for internal decision making, primarily for planning and control purposes. The types of decisions do by managers rely substantially on accounting information.Because financial accounting information does not provide enough contingent for internal decisions, it must be broken into more detail of the individualist products or work provided by a company. Not only do managers need to know the cost of a product or avail, they need the costs broken into smaller components so they are able to perform what-if analyses and forecasts for the future. Some types of decisions that managers often make inc lude pricing products, dropping a product or product line, buying new equipment to re maneuver old, evaluating the movement of managers or divisions of a company, or making rather than buying a part or product.What is Cost Accounting? Cost accountingis a process of collecting, analyzing, summarizing and evaluating various alternative courses of action (Wikipedia, March 23, 2013, Revised stock Version). It helps to find out the detailed information to the manager to control operation based on cost efficiency and capability. Managers made decisions for their own firm. So they need to manage the cost regarding productivity and strategic decision making. Cost accounting helps managers to control and manage resources.Strategic decisions based on cost step-down and rising costs are based on cost accounting. basically the information is designed for managers as they take all the decisions for the organization. Important strategic decision making are made depending on the costs that the company can manage to pay for. Thus cost accounting is an authorised tool for the managers for productivity management and strategic decision making. Importance of data mine information mining is primarily used directly by companies with a strong consumer focus.The application of data mining is ever-increasing in like a shots business as in enables business to pull out hidden information from huge centre of data for better discretion of the consumers (Chopoorian et al. , 2001). The information is analyzed based on different perspective and retell into useful data that can be used to increase receipts or cut costs. Although data mining is a relatively new term, but large companies are using it to find co-relation among huge amount of data in large database. The importances of data mining for modern business are given below information mining is used in restoration of hidden data which helps to extract the expensive information and construct applicatory analysis for deci sion making. * info mining gives financial institutions information about loan and credit reporting (Zentut, n. d. ). * It also helps banks detect fraudulent credit card transactions to protect credit cards owner (Zentut, n. d. ). * It is being used ever more for grounds and forecasting consumer buying actions, buying tendency, customer profile and sedulousness analysis (Articlebase, July 18, 2009). Data mining can be used as decision making tools in market research, industry research and enemy analysis which made it more beneficiary for the business industry. * It can cook large database swiftly and effectively accomplishes entire data analysis process. * Data mining helps government agency by excavating and scrutinizing records of financial transaction to take a leak molds that can identify money laundering or criminal activities (Wordpress, declination 5, 2006). * It can be used in every sector worry science, business and others and it is cost effective.Limitation Data mi ning has uncountable benefits and importance in todays modern business but it has many limitations. Most of them are based on technological advancement, which is considered as the foremost advantage of data mining. Additional limitations are discussed below * Security concern One of the major limitations of data mining is the pledge issue. Most of the businesses accumulate their customers social security number, payroll etc. Hackers can easily go across their accounts and slide such sensitive data of the customers (Zentut, n. . ). Thus customers do not timber safe to share information through data mining. To countermand the unwished-for security concern, companies ought to take several crucial precautions so that the customers can hope them with no trouble. * Privacy concern The misuse of internet has threatened the covert concern among its users. People are afraid to share any of their individual(prenominal) information as it can be collected and used in unethical ways. C ustomers do not prefer to buy goods online in stay of getting any information revealed (IT Law WIKI, n. . ). As business has to collect many of the information, they must take care about the privacy indemnity so that the information cannot easily disclose. * Inaccurate information Unethical businesses or people might use information that is given in data mining for some other purposes or can inequity against some other people. Moreover the information or the assessment published in data mining is not absolutely accurate if the data has been entered wrong. Thus people cannot reliance completely on data mining. Possible benefitsData mining is useful for modern business today as feature user will be looking for a pattern not for complete data in the database, it is better to read wanted data than unwanted data. There are some other benefits. They are * Data mining technique is required pattern will be displace from database with in short time * Data mining software is flaccid to u se and does not require complicated statistical acquaintance and data preprocessing (Chen and Sakaguchi, 2000) * Data mining tools are programmed in such ways, it automatically present data analysis with visual charts and table to assist understandingImportance of Accounting Data in Productivity Measurement According to Kaydos (1991), Productivity and subsequently surgery measurement has become more important and has been regarded as a obligatory for continuous improvement (as cited in Phusavat & Photaranon, 2006). Accounting data is important for measuring productivity to provide a systematic and comprehensive explanation of changes in gainfulness. Productivity measurement is one of the criterions for performance analysis of a firm.According to slip by (1985), Productivity is simply the relationship between the outputs (goods and services) generated from a system and the inputs provided to create those outputs (as cited in Phusavat & Photaranon, 2006). It is very important that accounting data collected should be correct and reliable otherwise productivity measurement would be unfaithful which will lead to incorrect forecast of cost and profitability data. Both technical and managerial aspects should be recognized in identify to get word successful and sustainable productivity measurement.For this purpose, strong database management is essential in rules of order to ensure timely provision of accounting data for productivity measurement. It is essential to timely collect production-related data and report performance information by the database management to ensure better performance-analysis. According to Harper (1984), It is spanking for an organization to become continuously more robust in order to sustain its growth (as cited in Phusavat & Photaranon, 2006). The productivity measurement based on accounting data divides production inputs into five categories such as capital, labour, energy, materials, and services.Productivity also includes unit cost, impairment, factor proportion, cost proportion, product mix, and input allocation (Phusavat & Photaranon, 2006). Accounting data consisting of integration between productivity, financial performance (i. e. profitability) at the operational level, and features such as opportunity gain/ going away is used for productivity and performance measurement. Management report on opportunity gain/loss is useful for future monitoring and evaluation. Accounting data such as concepts of the opportunity gain/loss and the dynamic/static ratios in both single and partial formats are essential for performance measurement.Accounting information such as value-added labor productivity and ROA are also included in measurement technique. More comprehensive analysis of entity by measurements requires more accounting data to be aggregated (Phusavat & Photaranon, 2006). Importance of Accounting in Strategic Decision making Accounting is essential in managing business performance and the accountants he lps to improve decision making by offering strategic and practical advice, by managing risk, and by supporting key decisions at all stages of the decision making process for enhanced productivity and profitability measurements.An accountant can help significantly in the areas of budgeting, investigating, interpreting and communicating results for use by both internal and external decision makers. For example, at the problem quotation stage, they may be the first to detect an opportunity or coming threat. At the ideas stage, they can help to provide creative solutions ( change strategic decision making, n. d. ). Profitability is consequence of adopting a market preference course and plays important role in decision making (as cited in Inglis & Clift, 2008).Market orientations is compose of three behavioral components, such as customer orientation, competitor orientation and inter functional coordination, and two decision criteria, long-term focus and profitability (Narver and Sl ater, 1990). Customer orientation component of a market orientation and profitability acts as decision criterion (Inglis and Clift, 2008). There is an identified requirement for accounting information about the costs pertain in providing a range of customer product-attributes which help businesses to choose most profitable market segment.According to grizzly and Hooley (2002), within the market-orientation, customer value, customer product-attribute needs and accounting information are interrelate conceptually from a managerial and economic perspective (Gray and Hooley, 2002). McNaughton et al. (2002) express that accounting function develops a sense of those attributes of greatest value to customers and in this way they may provide link between customers, value and profitability (as cited in Inglis and Clift, 2008). According to Inglis and Clift (2008), creating value for customer through product attributes requires accounting information very much for decision making.Function cost analysis and interrelated techniques of value analysis are integral to target costing (TC) which seeks to nullify the life-cycle costs of products while ensuring all customer requirements are met (Shillito and De Marle, 1992 Kato, 1993). According to Inglis and Clift (2008), the accounting function may interact with customers in managing payment procedures and terms for a richer understanding of how to differentiate its business in the market place and assist in creating value for the customer (Inglis and Clift, 2008).Importance of using ABC Method to avoid the problems faced by firms providing financial services According to Hussain and Gunasekaran (2001), activity based costing (ABC) has become highly essential to overcome shortcomings faced by traditional accounting method, in terms of validity, accuracy, completeness, consistency, understanding and relevance. It helps management to make internal decisions and formulate plans to provide new services, improve existing servic es and measure performances in order to achieve overall competitive strategies and advantages of organizations.The greet further provides a more factual basis for decisions by identifying very profitable and truly unprofitable products, eliminating unnecessary costs, identifying and distinguishing between true value-add activities and non-value add activities, and pricing products so as to achieve acceptable margins. It is a tidy tool in achieving competitive advantages and in providing operational and discretionary attend cost data (Hussain and Gunasekaran, 2001).Activity based costing in service costs in bank demo by Hussain and Kock (1994) showed unit time is a more complex calculation involving work measurement processes (as cited in Hussain and Gunasekaran, 2001). once information obtained the bank can calculate the profitability of various segments, hold on highly profitable segments and transform unprofitable segments into profitable ones through actions on pricing, pr oduct features, operating improvements and technology introduction (as cited in Hussain and Gunasekaran, 2001).West and West (1997) demonstrated the need of activity-based costing implementation in services . . . for financial endurance without which managers cannot make effective decisions involving long-term captivated contract profitability (as cited in Hussain and Gunasekaran, 2001). Harr (1990) reports activity-based accounting approach for budgeting and financial performance reduces the costs without losing either the patness or the quality of its services.In spite of the advantages, however, ABC costing does not answer all the problems involved in decision making as management might overlook basic analysis needed for customer adaptation, flexibleness and economies of scope (Hussain and Gunasekaran, 2001). It is important to constantly focus upon customers total perceived service quality and to maintain relationships to profitable customers. ABCM can and so be pass judgme nt as a real tool for management to make strategic decision, formulate plan and operate control (Hussain and Gunasekaran, 2001) apply design costing to identify profitable segments and maintaining productivity In the journal commit Costing (1995) the authors have stated that product innovation is one of the keys to a companys survival and competitiveness (p. 1). Thus Management accounting and cost accounting play an important role as they help in the entry of new products which attracts customers while maintaining low costs and ensuring profitability. As the effects of globalisation becomes more apparent companies are forced to reconsider their accounting practices, more specifically there management accounting practices.This is where target costing comes in. rear costing has been defined in the book Managerial Accounting (2012) the process of determining the maximum allowable cost for a new product and then developing a prototype that can be profitably made for that maximum ta rget cost figure (p. 763). In other words a desired profit margin is deducted from the selling price and a new target cost is determined for the new product. Implementing Target Costing The different departments of the firm run a cost analysis to develop a target cost for the new product.If the manufacturing cost for the new product is equal or below the target cost then the product can be introduced in the market. Finally the target cost is deducted from the selling price. Thus target costing not only helps find a profitable segment in the market but also makes sure that product is being produce in its most productive capacity. The target profit process has been summarised in Figure 1 (see appendix). The journal further states that the companies that benefit the most from Target costing (p. 6) are 1. Firms involved in assembly production style. 2.Firms involved in product diversification thus need target costing to determine a profitable market segment. 3. Firms whose product life cycle is relatively short (less than 3 years). 4. Firms wanting to reducing costs during the planning, design and development stages of a products life cycle. Managerial Accounting budges Research shows that Managerial Accounting has under gone changes in the last decade. According to the journal Managerial Accounting Change in South Africa (Waweru, Jan 2004) this is especially true for developing nations. The case study considers four retail firms in South Africa.This helped them to find out the exact changes in Management Accounting Practices and the reasoning basis such changes. The journal reports that the main reason for such transformations can principally be attributed to three main reasons. They are 1. Increased Globalisation-This has made sure there is increased competition between the countries of the world. Thus necessitating for changes to take place in the managerial accounting world. 2. Huge variations in Information Technology-Technological advancements in the las t decade has revolutionized the way world does business.The introduction of supercomputers has made sure that decision making process is faster and also made information more freely available. 3. Recent economic recession-The recession which has gripped the world since 2007 has made businesses reassess their managerial practices. Thus the journal has found that in order to deal with such challenges the businesses have evolved and so has their accounting practice. In genuine nations more and more firms are now involved in Target Costing, Activity Based Costing (ABC), Product Life-cycle costing and finally tint Costing.It should again be mentioned that these changes has only been noticed in developing nations and not so much in developed nations around the world. However the story cautions regarding such changes by stating that no one accounting system is universally appropriate for all firms. But rather that it varies from company to company. Thus the factors a firm should conside r are (Waweru, 2004) 1. Size and type of the firm 2. abroad competition 3. Economic restrictions 4. Technological advancements 5. Political and Social Considerations wherefore we can resolve from this journal that Management practices evolves slowly in developing countries where it is greatly back up by government reforms/deregulations and globalisations and technological improvements. Conclusion Thus we can vocalise that accounting data has a strong effect on productivity and strategic decision making for firms. Since the datas collected, both time series and cross sectional data, provides an insight into what has increased output for firms over the years and all the possible actions firms can make to engage in efficient production. Datas are also used to make important decision.Time series accounting data gives a good understanding of the profitable segments of the firms and the different sectors the firm can further expand into. Hence we can conclude by saying that accounting data are extremely vital for management accounting practices. Reference 1. So,S and Smith,M. (2003). Managerial Auditing Journal. The clash of presentation format and individual differences on the communication of information for management decision making. 18 (1), p1-3. 2. Farag,M and Elias,R. (2012). Public Accounting Firms mix of service tax income and average productivity. Evidence using revenue per person. 7 (8), p1-5. 3. Phusavat,K and Photaranon,W. (2006). Productivity/Performance measurement. Case application at the government pharmacuetical organisation. 106 (9), p1-16. 4. Waweru,N and Hoque,Z. (2004). Management Accounting Change in South Africa. Case studies from retail services. 17 (5), p1-30. 5. Inglis,R and Clift,R. (2008). Market orientated accountinginformation for product level decision. Market oriented accounting. 23 (3), pg1-15. 6. Liu,s and Chen,J. (2009). Using data mining to segment healthcare markets from patients preference perspectives. Using data mining to segment markets. 22 (2), p1-18. . Hussain,M and Gunasekaran,A. (2001). Activity-based cost management in financial services industry. Managing service quality. 11 (3), p1-11. 8. Gagne,M and Discenza,R. (1995). Target Costing. JOURNAL OF moving in & INDUSTRIAL MARKETING. 10 (1), p1-7. 9. None. (2012). Management Accounting. Available http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Management_accounting. Last accessed 12th April 2013. 10. None. (2009). Improving strategic decision making. Available 10. http//businesscasestudies. co. uk/cima/improving-strategic-decision-making/introduction. htmlaxzz2QEPImiLQ . Last accessed 12th April 2013.

90s Fashion Trends: ‘Less Is More’

As we reflect on devise history, in that location is not always a distinctive shift from unrivaled decade to the next. When transitioning from the 80s to the 90s, this was not the case, as there was an evident flipover from featured consumer to less is much. When hearing this phrase and applying it to fashion, I think it can be viewed in two ways. The more literal interpretation can be restated as it is preferred to have either a more minimalistic and plain outfit, or that it is en vogue to wear skimpier clothing.Both of these descriptions can be seen in 90s fashion. Minimalism was a widely accepted trend of the 90s, as shoulder joint pads and off-the-shoulder sweaters became outdated and were replaced with cleaner lines and sleeker silhouettes. The excessive glamour of the 80s faded away, and jewellery became either non-existent or chic in its fineness and barely there quality. The only attribution to 1980s excess glamour was the bedazzling and embellishments to clothing or iridescent glitter shimmer on sheer and tulle fabrics and added to skin convey up and hair spray.Designers such as Helmut Lang popularized this minimalistic trend by incorporating Japanese avant-garde aesthetics. Langs designs conveyed his view on how modern men and women want to dress. His clothes were without affectation and embodied an understanding that perfect compact, comfort, and ease of effort constitutes great fashion luxuries. Common examples of his key pieces slim mannish-shaped trousers for women, and sharply cut suiting that has a more androgynous shape. The minimalistic trend of the 90s was evident from mastermind to toe and was even embraced by celebrities of the decade.Pop stars that had once worn frilly miniskirts beautify with suspenders, full faces of makeup and plentiful accessories were now embracing new, more simple fashions. Calvin Kleins infamous Clueless mini dress, worn by Alicia Silverstone in the legendary film is a perfect example of the slinky, body-con trend that became omnipresent in the 90s. Hairstyles also reflected a less is more vibe, and women styled their hair in a sleek manner like Jennifer Aniston, or short and funkier no-fuss style as channeled by Meg Ryan.I also think that less is more can be applied to 90s fashion with respect to an attitude Americans mat up at the time. During this 90s, people wanted easy clothing that was matched to their everyday lives and reflected an progressively aggressive urban society. Business rules for dressing relaxed, and many people garbled interest in fashion as necessary. This was a major change from 80s fashion where it what commonplace for yuppies to broadcast their wealth in expensive clothing. 1990s mien History The Mood of the Millennium. Fashion Era. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Apr 2011. . Sharma, Tanya. 1990s Womens Fashion . love to know. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Apr 2011. . clueless mini dress. google. com. Web. 25 Apr 2011. . The 90s Minimalist . MSN Lifestyle. Web. 25 Apr 2011. .

Obesity in Children Essay

What p bents cater their children to eat can affect their bodies and their life. about children dont envision the effects of long term illnesses such(prenominal) as obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart condition and high-pitched blood pressure. Taxing un healthful provenders and beverages could surface an important st laygy to overconsumption and potenti wholey aid in burthen disadvantage and crucifyd rates of diabetes among children and adults. Junk food should be taxed because it provide reduce obesity, type 2 diabetes, and health c be costs. First of all, taxing debris food pass on lower obesity among Americans.The increase in two soda and pizza found that many Americans would still buy cast aside food regard little of a price increase. Taxing of sugary beverages at a penny-per-ounce rate with the goal of decreasing consumption of obesity caused in drinks. The junk food tax would fund obesity related health initiatives such as diabetes care. Obesity has been acknowledged as a internal problem, nonion of taxing junk food doesnt seem so bad. Secondly, Americans demand to take better control over what they eat and what they establish their children.We must take a stand against obesity, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease in children and young adults. nearly card-playing foods contain process meats and considered un vigorous in children. Americans dont have an ideal what they are alimentation in lush food restaurants. How the government determined what foods should be served in prepares. A couple of educate systems such as Texas and California had a great idea to adopt soft drinks, pop, soda, energy drinks and cola from the schools lunch rooms along with refrain foods such as burgers, French fries, hot ogs and convenience incloses, too commove the obesity epidemic among the United States and children. Replace drinks with orange juice, and water. Replace fast foods with fresh fruits, vegetables, salads and arrange. Obesit y in the United States has risen from 48 pct to 65 percent within the last thirty years and so has health care which has sky racket. We need to be to a greater extent proactive in saving our children by eating healthier foods in the plateful and school.Schools need to change the vendition machines to reflect eating healthy will help the body to create healthier. The school environment, keep, organizational support groups, school policies that take a look things such as sweetened beverages, and replace them with water, juice, fruit, vegetables and little(prenominal) junk food. Availability of less healthful food and beverages in schools is worldwide. despite changes in improving school food environment, availability of high deep food such things as pizza and hamburgers remain high in United States schools.Canadian elementary schools seem to have fewer vending machines, but less healthful food and beverages are available to all grades as they are made available through outlets s uch as cafeteria, school stores. It is said that schools may influence students into eating unhealthy by the lunches they provide and the vending machines that are in schools. Lastly, fast foods are not good because they have no nutrition value, most children that consume fast foods on a daily basic start to gain weight due to lack of exercise. Children watch more TV and play more video games than exercising.Less exercise in schools, have also been a major factor contributing to obesity in children. Fast foods fix children tired, the more you eat the less energy you have. When you walk into a store whether its a large grocery store or a small convenience store the lack of fruits and vegetables are small. Most children and adults are unaware that they have high cholesterol and high blood pressure. Most children who suffer from obesity also have a high rate of asthma. It would be a good idea if governments would rate schools on lunches they are providing to students.The school should prohibit advertising of fast foods, sweets and pop, prohibit use of less healthful foods , provide advertising that deals with eating healthy and healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables, seek educational requirements for school food and include requirements for nutrition education. Include exercise in the diet each day that way children wont feel tried after eating lunch. They will burn off fast and their bodies will feel better and become better in the long run. We need our children to be healthy. We need to reverse sickness, obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease and high blood pressure.Americans need to limit the intake of fast foods and start looking at healthy choices for themselves and their children. Medical bills have sky racket. If we plan to keep our generation of children roughly we better start looking at better ways of eating and providing nutrient in our everyday diet. Most people have cars, less people walk, ride bikes, or exercise. We have become lazy when it co mes to exercise and eating healthy. Look at your children and ask yourself, do I emergency my child to continue looking like this, obese, sick and unhealthy.

Malcolm X: Misunderstood

In the year of 1960s, the civil right movement was at its peak. At this time, depresseds were mistreated and discriminated against and because of that, the Negroes were searching for a attractor who can tilt the status of erosives. What is a leader? A leader is, according to a dictionary, a guiding or directing head, as of an army, movement, or governmental group. There is no doubt that Malcolm X, formerly k right offn as El Hajj Malik El Shabazz, had m all characteristics of a great leader compose all over him, when he joined the democracy of Islam.As a result, African Americans looked up to Malcolm X, who called himself the angriest Negro in America, for leadership. In this paper, I am overtaking to argue that Malcolm was a great leader, who gave his life for the struggle for agree rights in the richest and just ab come on powerful country of the world, the USA. In a country, where invariablyybody seeks to put to death the American dream, but where mankindy nation liv e in a nightmare. For that, he should be remembered along with Martin Luther King Jr. To in full understand how great of a leader that he was, we need to bestow a closed look at Malcolm Xs life.Malcolm led three rare lives in less than four decades offset as Malcolm Little, a convicted marauder and con man as Malcolm X, the province of Islams flamboyant orator finally, as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, organizing an international approach to the problems besetting African Americans. It all began when Malcolm Littles confidence and dream was tatterdemalion and crashed. His teacher told him that he had to be touchableistic about being a nigger. (Malcolm X 118) I dont think Malcolm would became what he was if it was not for his teachers comment on his dream of becoming a lawyer one day.Then, we take over rector Malcolm X, who habituated his life to the teaching of Elijah Muhammad. The Honorable Elijah Muhammad is giving us dead on target identity, and a true position the first time they substantiate ever been known to the American black man. (Malcolm X 356) Malcolm was fascinated by the discipline, the obedience, and the truehearted sense of community responsibility the members of the Nation showed, and soon became one of Elijahs close devoted pursuit. Finally, after his trip to Mecca, we see Malcolm as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz whose belief was now in world brotherhood and kind justice.Malcolm X was a misunderstand figure of his time, in my opinion. If you become read or heard what he said, you would undoubtedly label him as a racist. He went as utmost as calling black-and-blues the devils and he stirred up both the black and white communities with his anti-white philosophy. Malcolm is usually projected as the uncompromising advocate of total darkness Nationalism. Malcolm, always brooding and alienated, is depicted as the architect of armed novelty and confrontation and he is presented as the hostile critic of White liberalism. some(a) mount ain base this on his denunciation of racism and they misinterpret this tale to mean that now he endorsed the principles of integration as a settlement to Americas racial dilemma. What pile didnt realize at that time was Malcolms basic aim or objective never swopd He was totally committed to independence for oppressed the great unwashed. Malcolm wanted for blacks only what whites wanted for themselves, no more and no less. Also we have to realize that his trip to Mecca had changed the way he position about white people and he was not given luxuriant time to show the world his new point of view because he was assassinated soon after.Thats why most people today have the impression that Malcolm was a bad guy, who would gain freedom by whatsoever means necessary. What do him so great? He was a man of word and action. Malcolm represents a leader, which all communities look up to as dynamic, intelligent, and most importantly revitalizing. The Muslims of today, from all parts of the world see Malcolm as a man who not only had strong convictions and beliefs, but was not appalled to voice them and stand up to a system of oppression from white supremacy over powerless and minority black people.Black people need a leader who speaks the truth even up when white people dont want to hear it, and Malcolm X is filling that usage. As Malcolm X travelled around the country, preaching and encouraging blacks to take p disembarrasse in their report and strengths as a people, membership in the Nation of Islam grew from about agree hundred to hundreds of thousands. Furthermore, I think it was Malcolms vigorous passion for Black self-government and Black unity as well as his spiritual corporation to Islam that attracted black people to Nation of Islam and Elijahs vision played only a little part of it.In addition, the reason why the number of followers increase in Nation of Islam was contributed by Malcolms exceptional oratorical ability, his wide awake wit, and pie rcing analysis that he gave in front of some(prenominal) audiences. analysis such as US government make their citizens hate Germany and japan during WWII and now US had again make the people love Germany and japan after the war. And the comment that he made about the racial problems of today If you pull out a knife on my back, the scandalize left a permanent scar which you can get rid off.Those points that he made were right on the money. He was really charismatic, and when he talks, people listen. Communication is a very powerful gun to use if you want to spread your words and wisdom, and Malcolm took advantage of that. Armed himself with experience of Islam, books that he read, and debating skill, he went on television shows argued against his many critics and performed public name and address day in and day out. He was so eagerly devoted to spread the teaching of Nation of Islam that he found himself out on the road and was away from his family for many weeks or months.The development of Nation of Islam was his priority. wherefore Malcolm had such impact on black communities? Because Malcolm was one of them in the lead he joined Nation of Islam and became a minister. Came out from the heart of the Harlem ghetto, he knew the first hand experience of prejudice and inequality that impose on blacks. Therefore, many of his audiences can relate some of the things that he said in their daily life. In addition, Malcolm transformed himself from a street hustler to an articulate leader and was convinced that others could change for the better as well.His message about self-improvement was loud and clear. Without education, you are not going anywhere in this world. In his autobiography he said, My whole life had been a chronology of changes. Such an ingrained change seems to unbelievable, but after reading his autobiography everyone can have how much power this man had. Another reason why he was a great leader was that his readiness to revise his ideas an d change them. race make mistakes and it takes courage to admit it publicly and try to change it so the mistake wont happen again.In the fields of politic and religion, which he was vigorously involved in, people usually dont change, even they proved to be wrong. Malcolm X was different. He turned all his beliefs and his way of life upside downhearted when joining the Nation of Islam. He stopped drinking, smoking and abusing drugs instantly and consecrate his life to his leader, whereas he had been selfish and greedy his whole life before. Everything is going well till when the affairs of Elijah Muhammad with his secretaries made Malcolm questioned the leadership and belief of Nation of Islam.As a result, he left Nation of Islam and took a tour to Mecca where he experienced real brotherhood, being accepted and treated as a human being. The friendliness and respect he received made a great impression on him. I saw that people who looked alike drew together and most of the time st ayed together? fit tucked it into my mind that when I returned home I would tell Americans this rumination that where true brotherhood existed among all colors. (Malcolm 350) He became less militant and even admitted that white people could contribute to the black movement.Malcolm also got rid of Mr. Muhammads doctrines and taught the real Islam he experienced in the East. When we remember Malcolm X, we cannot ignore that he did change from seeing race as a dividing issue to his final recommendation as a Muslim who believed in a religion which spells out clearly that all humankind is created and judged equally. He declared that all human beings should be respected as such, regardless of their color. Malcolm often predicted that his leaving the Nation of Islam would lead to his death.When he heard of the Black Muslims plot to kill him, he did not feel any fear he just wanted his family to be safe. Before he died, he declared that he would be glad if he could have helped the blac k people, but that all denotation is due to Allah. Only the mistakes were his. This is another admiration that I have for him. He did not fear death and went on doing his business as usual. comparable I stated earlier, Malcolm put himself last and newfound religion and his family first.He was not afraid to accept the ultimate freedom for African Americans, as he stated, which is death. Today, nearly 30 years after the end of the cultured Rights Movement, some things have changed. A strong black middle-class has emerged, and some African-Americans have been able to get into leading positions in management or government. In several big cities with a majority of black citizens, black mayors are in office. Both civil right leaders Martin and Malcolm have become American heroes.Finally, Malcolm was a great man and a role model for all African Americans and Malcolm was a man who made people proud and showed them who they were. He dared to speak truth against the lies of racism, to stan d tall before the blows of hatred and oppression. When they died, they left examples of wisdom, courage, and spiritual tenacity that few leaders of any race have matched. He didnt die in vain because things have improved since his death. We see the growth of strong black middle class.

I Am Sam Film Analysis Essay

surface-to-air missile is an intellectually handicapped man whose place in society is questioned on a regular basis as many members of society look down on him as a person and a parent, judging him and alienating him and showing him that he doesnt belong. These opinions are strengthened in a scene where surface-to-air missiles daily routine is protrudeially altered when he takes Lucy to giant Boy instead of IHOP and is unable to get his usual coif he has a mental break down and this reaction from the slight interchange only rewards to the rest of society that as a mentally disabled man, surface-to-air missile doesnt belong as a regular part of society. As a director of the depiction, Nelson uses different colours as a proficiency to convey emotion and create the sprightlinessing of belonging or non belonging. When Sam and Lucy are in concert the colours are opalescent which creates a warm, welcoming atmosphere showing that he belongs.Although in inverse scenes where he wish es to piss it seem as though Sam doesnt belong, such as in the courtroom scenes where Lucy, the one person who makes him feel as though he belongs is taken from him, he creates a dingy and dark atmosphere turning the colours dark and this to be more than emotional. Background music is used to control the mood and atmosphere of the film and is used as an instrument to represent the sense of belonging and not belonging Sam feels. This technique is shown in the beginning of the film when Sams routine has to change and he rushes to hospital in order to see the birth of his daughter, the music is turned to a frantic percussion section beat representing the feeling of stress and desperate nature of the situation he is in.Throughout the movie this quick pace percussion beat round-the-clock emphasising the stress for Sam in particular scenes when he feels stressed or as though he doesnt belong, like at the clip when he realises Lucy is holding back her education because of him in orde r to make him feel smarter the beat represents his quickening heart rate, which is how Nelson used sound to reinforce mood and atmosphere. Nelson also uses props to show the loving nature of the descent between Lucy and Sam. A scene where this is depicted is when they are on the swings together at the park, Nelson uses doves, which is a symbol of love, flying across the sky above them at the beginning of the scene in a birds-eye view camera shot which symbolizes the everlasting love between them. Another camera technique used to convey love between Lucy and Sam is conveyed when the camera zooms in on Sam and Lucy who are holding hands showing that patronage his intellectual incapability she accepts and loves her father regardless.

Identify Legal Requirements For Dealing With Complaints

Julia B 304Task C Organisational requirements for dealing with c aresCompany should have Concerns and Complaints Policy in place. The main aim of it is to ensure that sicknesss cognitive process is properly and effectively enforced and that service users feel confident that their complaints and worries are listened to and work oned upon promptly and fairly.When dealing with complaints familiarity are to ensure that service users and their representatives, carers and visitors are aware of how to complain and that society provides easy to use opportunities for them to register complaints a named person is responsible for administartion of the mental process every written complaint is acknowledged within two running(a) days investigations into written complaints are held within 28 days completely complaints are responded to in writting by company omplaints are dealt with promptly, fairly and sensitively with due regard to the upset and worry that they cause to both provide an d service users Company believes that complaints are best dealt with on a local anaesthetic level between the complainant and the kinsfolk, but if either of the parties is not slaked by a local process the case should be reffered to the assistance Quality Commission. Legal requirements for dealing with complaints Legal requirement for dealing with complaints is to fall out Health and Social Care Act 2010 and National Minimum Standards complaint policy.Related article Assignment 205 TaskThese standards require care home managers to have clear procedures that enable service users to make their views, concerns and worries known, and that reassure them that purloin action will be taken. Policies and procedures for dealing with suspicion or point of physical, financial or material, psychological or sexual abuse, neglect, self price or degrading behaviour should also be put in place. Standards requiers that every care home have clear and effective complaints procedure, which inclu des the head of, and ime scales, for the process and that service users know how and to whom complain staff listen and act on the views and concerns of service users and others before they develop into formal complaints complaint procedure is explained to service users in appropriate language and format all complaints are responded within 28 days servise users, if they wish, can make a complaint one-to-one with a staff member or independent protagonism/interpreters of their choice service users and their families are assured they will not be victimised for making a complaint a record of raised complaints is kept and checked at least three-monthly

Presocratic Philosophy Essay

psychiatric hospital As early Hellenic civilization grew more complex (c. d b. c. e. ), mythology and religion began to develop into doctrine (and later into science). As part of this outgrowth, a new kind of thinker emerged hit the sackn as a sophos, from the Grecian word for wise. These wise men, and they were al to the highest degree exclusively men, asked increasingly sophisticated questions proficient roughly every last(predicate) sorts of social functions, especially natural paradees and the origins and essence of life.Although mythology and religion continued to lean important roles in the lives of frequentwealth for centuries to come, these first philosophers were noted for their attempts to economic consumption priming and observation to figure out how the bea works. Instead of existent a normal life, the sophos devoted himself to asking questions that so-called normal people aspect had already been answered (by religion and mythology) or were unanswe rable (and thus a liquidate of time).In respect to public perceptions, it didnt help that the sophos lived and spoke in counsels that were interpreted as showing disregard and possibly contempt for conventional values, and that set him or (infrequently) her apart from regular folks living normal lives. It is hardly surprising, then, that one of the earliest normal images of philosophers is the stereotype of an odd, absent-minded, starry-eyed dreamer and asker of silly questions. The very first westerly thinkers determine as philosophers were initially concerned with questions round the nature of nature (physis) and of the world order (kosmos).Presocratic Rational Discourse The earliest Western philosophers are referred to as the Presocratics because they appeared prior to Socrates, the first major figure in the Western philosophic tradition. Some of the Presocratic philosophers are described as proto-scientists because they initiated the regeneration of mythology into ratio nal research about nature and the cosmos. A very usual characterization of the breeding of Presocratic philosophy is helpful for placing subsequent philosophical issues and disagreements in context.Ofmost interest for our purposes is the Presocratic philosophers struggle to offer rational, documental arguments and explanations for their views. These concerns played a major role in the origins and historical development of Western philosophy. The first philosophers intense interest in explanations shaped the development of reason by triggering questions of luculent consistency and standards of knowledge that went beyond the sorts of attest that a craftsman could offer to back up his claims to expertise.The Presocratic Philosophers Thales Thales (c. 624545 b. c. e.), traditionally express to be the first Western philosopher, seems to receive believed that water is in some dash central to our understanding of things. This concept was probably base upon a belief that the pri mer coat floated on water, and that all things originate with water. actual opinion holds that Thales believed that whatever is real is in some significant whiz alive. accord to Aristotle, Thales thought that all things are full of gods, and as manifest of such powers even in apparently inanimate nature he points to the remarkable properties of what was referred to as the Magnesian stone.Although Aristotles statement is too sensitive to serve as a sure foundation for judgment, it seems more liable(predicate) that Thales was arguing for the broader presence of life forces in the world than most people imagined, rather than that the real in its conglomeration is alive. Anaximander Thales younger contemporary from Miletus, Anaximander, innate(p) toward the end of the seventh blow B. C. E. , found the explanatory principle of things in what he called the apeiron, a word that might be translated as the indefinite, the boundless, or both.This opens up the possibility that the ape iron is both immeasurably large in its blase and physical extent and also qualitatively indefinite in that it is without measured inner boundaries. The apeiron is further described, according to Aristotle, as being without beginning, surrounding all things, steering all things, divine, immortal, and indestructible. Some have inferred that Anaximanders barely secret purpose was Western philosophys first attempt at demythologization.Equally striking is Anaximanders description of the universe as a closed, concentric system, the outer spheres of which, by their everlasting motion, account for the stability of our earth, a drum-shaped body held everlastingly in a state of equipoise at the center. Whatever the inadequacy in authentic enlarge (the stars are rigid nearer to the earth than the moon), with Anaximander the science of cosmo crystal clear speculation took a goliath step forward. As far as life on earth is concerned, Anaximander offered another striking hypothesis.The fi rst living things, according to him, were natural in moisture, enclosed in thorny barks (like sea urchins), and as their age increased, they came forwards onto the drier part (as phrased by Aetius first to second atomic number 6 C. E. ). Pythagoras Although we know that Pythagoras was a historical figure, it is difficult to determine exactly what Pythagoras himself taught. He wrote null, and the ideas of other members of the partnership were attri moreovered to him as a sign of respect and as a way of lending weight to the ideas.Plato and Aristotle rarely assign ideas to Pythagoras himself, although Pythagorean ideas seem to have influenced Platos philosophy. Pythagoreans take a firm stand that consider is the first principle of all things. They were the first systematic developers of mathematics in the West and seizeed that natural events could be described in mathematical terms, especially as ratios. To the Pythagoreans, the principle of number accounted for everything. Nu mber was a real thing. Somehow, numbers existed in space, not just as mental constructs.According to Pythagorean doctrine, the entire universe is an logical whole consisting of harmonies of contrasting elements. The Greek for ordered whole is cosmos. The Pythagoreans were the first philosophers to use the term cosmos to refer to the universe in this way. The celestial medication of the spheres is the hauntingly beautiful phrase the Pythagoreans coined to describe the sound of the heavens as they turn according to cosmic number and harmony.Xenophanes A fourth Ionian philosopher, Xenophanes of Colophon, born around 580 B. C. E. ,is the first we know of to overtly attack the anthropomorphism of popular religious belief, in a series of brilliant reductio ad absurdum arguments. His own view has been silent, ever since Aristotle, as pantheistic. Xenophanes was also the first philosopher we know of to ask what degree of knowledge is attainable. In B34 we read the clear and certain trut h no man has seen, nor will in that location be anyone who knows about the gods and what I say about all things. Several ancient critics took this to be an indication of Xenophanes total scepticism.On this basis of moderate empiricism and scepticism, Xenophanes offered a number of opinions of varying plausibility about the natural world, one of whicha strong, evolutionary interpretation of the discovery on various islands of fossils of marine animalsis sufficient to constitute a major claim to fame in natural philosophy and ranks with his other significant steps in epistemology (the theory of knowledge traffic with what we know, how we know it, and how reliable our knowledge is), logic (the study of rational inquiry and argumentation), and natural theology (the attempt to understand God from natural knowledge).Heraclitus 1 of the most important and enigmatic of the Presocratics, Heraclitus (fl . 500 b. c. e. , d. 510480 b. c. e. ), said that ignorance is bound to end when we t ry to understand the cosmos when we do not even dig up the fundamental structure of the human psyche ( head) and its relationship to the Logos. The complex Greek word logos is intriguing.It could and at times did mean all of the undermentioned intelligence, speech, discourse, thought, reason, word, meaning, study of, the record of, the science of, the fundamental principles of, the basic principles and procedures of a cross discipline, those features of a thing that make it intelligible to us, and the rationale for a thing. The Heraclitean detonating gismo L Logos is like God, only without the anthropomorphizing (humanizing) of the earlier philosophers and poets who attributed human qualities to the gods.According to Heraclituss im psycheal view of God, the Logos is a process, not an entity. As such, the Logos is unconcerned with undivideds and human affairs, in much the same way that gravity affects us but is unconcerned with us. More radically yet, Heraclitus asserted tha t even though things appear to remain the same, Change alone is unchanging. Traditionally, it has been held that Heraclitus went so far as to claim that everything is always changing all the time. tho whether he really meant that everything is always changing, or that individual things are held unneurotic by energy ( assortment), remains unclear.Anaximenes Anaximanders younger contemporary, Anaximenes, who lived during the sixth century B. C. E. appears to revert to a prior and less sophisticated vision in claiming that the earth, far from being a drum-shaped body held in equipoise at the center, is flat and rides on, supported by air. The same might be said of his contention that the basic, divine principle of things was not some indefinite entity but something very much part of our experience namely, air.Anaximenes view would also no doubt have seemed to be corroborated by the fact that the universe, commonly understood as a living thing and hence needing a soul to vivify it, p ossessed in air that very breath that for most Greeks constituted the essence of such a soul. Parmenides Parmenides of Elea (fift h century b. c. e. ) radically transformed the early philosophers interest in cosmology, the study of the universe as a rationally ordered system (cosmos), into ontology, the study of being. By common agreement he was the giant among the pre-Socratics.According to Parmenides, none of his predecessors adequately accounted for the process by which the one basic stuff of the cosmos transfigures into the some(prenominal) individual things we experience every day. In his search for a solution to the trouble of the one and the many, Parmenides turned to a reasoned analysis of the process of change itself. According to Parmenides, all sensations occur in the realm of appearance. This means that candor cannot be apprehended by the senses. Change and variety (the many) are only appearances they are not real. If this is true, then our most commonly held beliefs about mankind are mere opinions.The senses cannot recognize what is, much less can they discoverobserveit, ever. In other words, whatever we see, touch, taste, hear, or smell is not real, does not exist. Perhaps most unsettling of all, Parmenides solved the hassle of the appearance of change by concludingin direct opposition to Heraclituss insistency that everything is always changingthat the very concept of change is self-contradictory. What we think of as change is merely an illusion. The logic runs as follows Change equals transformation into something else.When a thing becomes something else, it becomes what it is not. But since it is impossible for cryptograph (what is not) to exist, there is no nothing into which the old thing can disappear. (There is no no place for the thing to go into. ) Therefore, change cannot occur. Empedocles posited, against Parmenides, change and plurality as features of reality, but sustain the sempiternality of anything that is real the sphe re-like nature of the real when looked at as a totality and the fact that the real is a plenum, containing no nothingness or nihility.Anaxagoras likewise posited change, plurality, and divisibility as features of reality, yet also affirmed the eternality of the real (understood by him as an eternally existent mixture of the seeds of the things currently constituting the world, rather than the eternal combinings and recombinings, according to certain ratios of admixture, of four eternally existent roots or elemental masses). Leucippus Leucippus of Miletus (c. fi ft h century b. c. e. ) and Democritus of Abdera (c. 460370 b.c. e. ) argued that reality consists entirely of abandon space and ultimately simple entities that combine to form objects.T is button-down view is known as atomistic theory. Leucippus is credited with being the originator of atomism and Democritus with developing it. Rather than reject Parmenides assertion that change is an illusion, Leucippus argued that real ity consists of many discrete ones, or beings. Zeno Zeno, who was born early in the fifth century B. C. E. , was a friend and pupil of Parmenides.In his famous paradoxes he attempt to show by a series of reductio ad absurdum arguments, of which the shell known is perhaps that of Achilles and the tortoise, the self-contradictory consequences of maintaining that there is a real plurality of things or that motion or place are real. The prima facie wiz of many of the arguments continues to impress people, though it soon becomes clear that the paradoxes turn for the most part on the chastening or unwillingness of Zeno, like so many Pythagoreans of the day, to distinguish between the concepts of physical and geometrical space.Zenos way of constructing the problem makes it seem that his primary object is to defame pluralists by attacking the logical possibility of explaining how there can be motion in the world. Gorgias Gorgias has achieved fame for the try on he laid upon the art of persuasion (rhetoric), although whether he wrote the puzzle On What Is Not as a serious piece of ingratiatory reasoning or as some sort of spoof of the Eleatic philosophy of Parmenides and others remains disputed.Its basic, and remarkable, claim is prima facie, that nothing in fact is (exists /is the slip esti or is knowable or conceivable. Any exiguous plausibility that the arguments accompaniment this claim possess turns on our overlooking Gorgiass failure, witting or unwitting, to distinguish carefully between knowing and thinking, along with his various uses of the verb to be. If the failure was witting, the document can be seen as a skillful device for the spotting of fallacies as part of training in rhetoric and basic reasoning.If it was unwitting, Gorgias still emerges as what he was claimed to bea deft rhetorical wordsmith on any topic proposed to him. Protagoras Perhaps the greatest of the casuists was Protagoras of Abdera (481 411 b. c. e. ). Protagoras was an archet ypal Sophist an active traveler and first-rate observer of other cultures who noted that although there are a variety of customs and beliefs, each culture believes unquestioningly that its own ways are rightand roundly condemns (or at least(prenominal) criticizes) views that differ from its own.Based on his observations and travels, Protagoras concluded that morals are nothing more than the social traditions, or mores, of a society or group. The details of Protagorass beliefs remain disputed. When he said, for example, that anthropos humanity is a/the measure for all things, of things that are, that they are, and of things that are not, that they are not, it is unclear whether he is talking about one person or the sum total of persons about a measure or the measure (there is no definite article in Greek) or about existence or states of affairs or both.The Platonic reading in the Theaetetus, which takes anthropos as generic and measure as exclusive, led to the assertion that the log ical consequence was total (and absurd) relativism. ______________________________ References The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Richard H. Popkin. Columbia University Press. 1999. Archetypes of comprehension An Introduction to Philosophy. 7th ed. Douglas J. Soccio. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 2010.

Financial Statement Review Essay

IntroductionPatton-Fuller lodge hospital is committed to fling our patients innovative medical services. This is not possible if the pecuniary staff does not take steps to ensure the relationship between sources and expenses reflect controlling results. understanding the departures between the inspected and unaudited financial statements leave allow the facility to symmetricalness its finances. We leave alone evaluate the effects of revenue sources for planning and control. Examining the differences between 2008 and 2009 financial statements will help pinpoint if there were positive or negatively charged changes and why. This will allow us to identify how we can work more(prenominal) efficiently fund necessary advancements of our medical services (Patton-Fuller Community hospital, 2006) fiscal lines ReviewThe first difference between the audited and unaudited statements is with Patient Accounts Receivable. For 2009 the total in the unaudited form is $59,787, and the audi ted is $58,787 which is a difference of $1,000. The second difference is in the Statement of Revenue and Expense report. Under the Provision for Doubtful accounts for 2009, the unaudited statement has a value of $13,797, where the audited statement has a value of $14,797 a difference of $1,000. Under the same statement, operating income for 2009 was reported as $689, but after audit it was found to be -$311, a difference of $378. These changes made a difference in the net income from the unaudited statement of $627 to -$373 in the audited statement. Effect of Revenue SourcesWith whatsoever company the revenue will come from many sources, which will accommodate the interest on loans, income from renting or leasing, and the sale of goods. Patton Fuller Community hospital revenue comes from eighty percent inpatient activity, what is included in this is the surgical nursing, medical, surgery charges, and the intensive cargon unit charges. Then, the other 20 percent, of the revenue, from the hospital will come from the emergency department, and from any other outpatient services. Accountants will be the first ones to record the hospital information, on ledgers than they are transferred to the functionary financial statements. This will used to retain earning statements, income statements, statements of the cash flows,and the balance saddlery are the four basic types of the financial statements that are hit by the revenue sources. Revenues and Expenses GroupingFinancial ratios show that they are not better from the information given. Out of the eight ratios only two show melioration from 2008 to 2009. Current, quick, daytimes cash, A/R days debt service coverage and liabilities to net worth are all showing that they cook gotten worse since 2008. Looking at Patton Fuller liquidity we can determine that they are unable to cover their short term debt, due to authentic ratios, current assets compared to the current liabilities that decreased putting them in financial trouble. Patton Fuller shows that The days cash on hand has decreased it are impelled that the company has less money available to pay daily mathematical process debts. It also looks as if they are using their assets to generate income. As of 2009 the make was much higher than for Patton Fuller than as of 2008. Patton Fuller as they bring on grouped expenses throughout different categories and departments it allows them to control the revenue and total expenses of the organization. It will also allow Patton Fuller to control expired and unexpired costs. As we know it is very important to keep track of all inflow and outflow of cash coming in and out of any organization. closureThe annual reporting of financial statement review of Patton-Fuller community Hospital showed meshing and losses for the hospital. Audited and unaudited statements showed losses and profits incurred by the hospital in spite of appearance a two year period. Financial statements are important w hen reviewing profits and loses for current and previous year? Yes they are, financial statements allows management to review the areas that have fluctuations that negative affect the organization.ReferencesBaker, J. J., & Baker, R. W. (2011). Health care finance Basic tools for nonfinancial managers. 3rd.ed. Sudbury, MA Jones & Bartlett publishers. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital. (2006). Retrieved June 8, 2014, from Virtual Organizations Portal

Are Energy Drinks Bad for You or Good

When people subscribe to you, What ar energy drinks? Everybody say drinks that chip in you energy. They are wrong. Energy drinks are beverages that claim to give an extra pressurize of energy from caffeine. Energy drinks such as Red fudge or Rock star are well and bad for your bodies. Red Bull (Energy Drink) Good qualities that energy drinks have are that there non- alcoholic. This means that the much teens that buy this, the less chance of accidents and situations to do with the law the teens have to go through.Sometimes Energy Drinks keep you awake from times you cant/dont want to be asleep. There are galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) bad qualities when it comes to Energy drinks. If a person of some kind consumed to many energy drinks, it can lead to heart problems or possibly death, as the caffeine rates in these drinks are jaw-droopingly gigantic. Caffeine can also cause Tremor / shaking, chest pains, and lots of headaches. Some teenagers mix alcohol with energy drinks at parties, which is a deathly and dangerous mixture.Questions you can ask yourself is 1. Do I want to have a body with a lot of caffeine? 2. Do I want to ruin my liveness? 3. Alcohol or Non-alcoholic? 4. Do I need to suffer? general energy drinks are bad and not good for athletes. There are times to use energy drinks and times not too. But earlier you make your decision, think of the questions I asked you. And see if you want a good body or bad body. Make your mind up ?

Basque Conflict Essay

IntroductionI. encroachs be non entities in themselves. They have to be viewed and learnd within the context of use of diverse factors those that lead to passage of arms in the first place and besides those that keep open them fuelled.II. The Basque conflict in Spain is a result of cultural repression and intolerance.III. We purpose to examine the Basque conflict with a busy focus on the Spanish interests in the matter and intent to present the historic context of the conflict in a socio-political manner, then move to the cultural implications of the issue, then analyze the cultural conflict that has both been born of and furthered Basque nationalism.I. Causes of Basque conflictA. IdeologyB. elaborationII. Consequences of Basque conflictA. Kidnappings-for-ransomB. ExtortionC. Terrorist actsII. SolutionsA. Refusing to negotiate with who it refers to as terroristsB. A propaganda warC. Increase anti-terrorist activitiesD. let unspoiled independence to the Basques subject to a plebiscite within the Basque country.ConclusionI. The governance has to show it is ready to concede some more(prenominal) autonomy to the Basques.II. tranquillity is not possible in the years to come in Spain without a radical reconsideration of the government as well as the unilateral support from both Spaniards and Basques of the dismantling of the Euskadi Ta Askatasuna.ScriptConflicts be not entities in themselves. They have to be viewed and analyzed within the context of various factors those that lead to conflict in the first place and also those that keep them fuelled. The Basque conflict in Spain is a result of cultural repression and intolerance. The Comunidad Autonoma Vasca, or Basque land in the South of France and the northeastern edge of Spain is currently riddled with ruby conflict. In this presentation we propose to examine the Basque conflict with a particular focus on the Spanish interests in the matter. We intent to present the historical context of the conflict in a socio-political manner, then move to the cultural implications of the issue.The Basque Independence Party (Batasuna) with its phalanx wing Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) has employed military means to achieve its goal of Basque self-determination. The Basque organization Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) was formed in 1959 and began waging a small scale war against the Spanish government. The causes for conflict deceitfulness in ideology and culture according to Fukuyama and Huntington respectively. The arguments of Friedlander and Cohen do not add with these two theorists as they both posit that individuals do much little to influence chronicle than the overarching powers of collective peoples. The argument that Fukuyama brings forth in his head for the hills The End of History, conjectures that history is composed of a string of ideological shifts brought about by conflict in an evolutionary manner. He argues that history is the cyclical build-up of new competing ideo logies which escalated into a military conflict which leads to a exulting ideology and then the arrival of new competitors.In order to pay its operations, ETA has used kidnappings-for-ransom, extortion, and (less frequently) robberies. The main targets of such money-rising activities have been Basque entrepreneurs, who have since begun to abandon the Basque republic in large numbers in order to escape extortion or abduction by the terrorist group. In addition, the terrorist conflict has been frequently cited as deterrence for municipal and foreign direct investment in the Basque Country. Finally, although terrorist attacks have occurred in some all Spanish regions, most of ETAs violent activity has been arduous in the Basque Country. Almost 70% of the deaths caused by ETA in Spain during 1968-1997 occurred in the Basque Country. During the diaphragm 1968-1997, ETAs activity measured as number of deaths per inhabitant was 37 times larger in the Basque Country than in the rest of Spain. instanter lets look at the options open to the Spanish governance because it is obvious that ETA will not just go away. Firstly, refusing to negotiate with who it refers to as terrorists. This is the course of action presently taken by the government in Spain at the moment. It does not however mean that the Basque conflict will disappear. By ignoring the problem it wont go away. People in Spain are getting fed up living in continual tending of a bomb attack. Secondly, a propaganda war. This could have the scope of showing Basques that their piling is better by remaining Spanish, and also isolate the more war-ridden nationalists from the bulk which are wary of the conflict. Thirdly, increase anti-terrorist activities. This has been done in the ultimo and it does not seem to have worked except to drive ETA even more underground. Anti-terrorist groups are too much of a liability as has been shown by the dirty war.Everything has to be done within the law something party f avoring the separatists. The resign could attempt to eliminate all the separatists but it is fleshyly possible, whilst eliminating them of their leadership has not worked due to the separatists system of having autonomous branches all capable of committing anti-state activities. Then, grant full independence to the Basques subject to a plebiscite within the Basque country- This is a hard to swallow option for any Spanish Government. Firstly a plebiscite in the Basque country would most probably (although not certain) result in favor of independence, secondly it would mean an electoral defeat for the party putting it in action in Spain itself. The Basque country is too important both for economical and industrial reasons and also for the ethnically Spanish people living there.The government has to show it is ready to concede some more autonomy to the Basques .It is our legal opinion that peace is not possible in the years to come in Spain without a radical reconsideration of the government as well as the unilateral support from both Spaniards and Basques of the dismantling of the Euskadi Ta Askatasuna. We believe that in some cases this unilateral front will need to engage in military action. The terrorist leaders of ETA are identifiable and can be eliminated in public and legallyReference ListFlash Points/World ConflictBasque-Spain Conflicthttp//www.flashpoints.info/countries-conflicts/Spain-Basque-web/Spain-Basque_briefing.htmlUnited States institute of PeaceThe Basque Conflict New Ideas and Prospects for Peacehttp//www.usip.org/resources/basque-conflict-new-ideas-and-prospects-peaceThe sparing Costs of Conflict A Case Study of the Basque Country Author(s) Alberto Abadie and Javier Gardeazabal informant The American Economic Review, Vol. 93, No. 1 (Mar., 2003), pp. 113-132 Published by American Economic Association Stablea

Old El Paso

What Kurt, the associate marketing manager of sexagenarian El Paso, ask to develop a new marketing plan to increment its grime awareness and educate the public about the convenience of preparing Mexican meals. why Old El Paso has been the market leader in the Mexican viands industry for many years. Now, General Mills wants Old El Paso to increase its sales by 5% while maintaining the same level of profitability.How eer, Mexican food industry is growing at a relatively slack growth rate of 3% per year, beca engage Mexican food is not constantly on customers shopping list as there is a watertight perception that Mexican food is inconvenient and difficult to build. That is why Kurt necessarily to develop a new marketing plan to enroll sign awareness and educate the public in ready to achieve the 5% goal. There is a misunderstanding in the communication process surrounded by Old El Paso and its customers.Old El Paso has been positioning itself as a Family drama Experience fruit. Meanwhile, the customers are more concerned about the process of preparing Mexican food, ie. , while many factors, including time needed for training and simplicity of preparation contributed to consumer perception of convenience/ease of preparation, ingredient availability was found to be the most significant barrier to making Mexican meals more often. They similarly need to educate their customers about the benefits of fakeing Mexican food.For example, according to their consumer research, 70% of decisions to purchase Mexican meal products are made before consumers ever arrive at the grocery store. Apply the fact to the AIDA model, it is important to raise its mark awareness and get consumers interested in its products in order to increase sales, because most of the purchase decisions are made before the customers take the actual product. With the fact that Old El Paso is the market leader and its brand equity, as soon as the brand awareness and interest is establish ed, the sales will increase.The biggest competitor in the Mexican food industry is occult labels. Old Pl Paso has most of the market share in Mexican dinner kits (91. 2%) and Mexican components (70. 4%) category, while ranks number 3 in the Mexican salsa (15. 6%) category. Although both private labels and Old Pl Paso products are in high standards, Old Pl Paso is the only brand that offers a full product line in the Mexican food industry and is distributed in 98% of all grocery stores (with an average of 7. Old Pl Paso items on shelf). This means that Old Pl Paso is reachable to most of consumers while certain private labels products are only available in certain grocery chains. How Targeted results subjoin brand awareness while convince the public that it is easy to prepare Mexican food. 1) General public Using kiosks to demonstrate the process of how to cook a Mexican meal with in-store ingredients. Reason 80% of the population tranquilize do majority of their shopping at groc ery stores.By using in-store ingredients, the world(a) public will know that everything they need for cooking a Mexican meal is in the store, so it is easy to prepare a Mexican meal. 2) Regular Mexican food shoppers Place Old Pl Paso products at shatter counters. Reason Placing products at the check-out counters to remain regular Mexican food shoppers that they could use Mexican food as an option for tonights dinner. Although this maneuver implies impulsive shopping behaviour of some consumers, it also constantly frame consumers that Mexican food is available in the market.

Child labour Essay

AbstractIt has been observed over decades that, mendicancy forces poor families to accuse their tykeren to lap up, which results in a safe problem the world is facing instantlyadays. nipper lying-in merchant ship leave galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) severe consequences on boorren and their families. When electric razorren convey, it does non mean as a standard, they support their families scotch exclusivelyy, neither all of them prepare paid for their e fagate since many another(prenominal) of them move as bonded force back or as slaves. In addition to that, they face many problems which may app atomic tour 18nt motion permanent dam fester to their boorhood. kidskinren usually cause to contribute and de pull roundr financial support to their families. Their health is often ignored by their p bents or they may not be aware most their infantrens health. This newsprint illustrates how both(prenominal) India and Nigeria h archaic in adopted laws and regulations to exhaust baby bird dig. However despite all the efforts, barbarian bray and the factors thatinfluence the incidence of tike force continues to be plethoric.The results from this consume explain the reasons which forces clawren to work, poverty. This paper also draws conclusion that governments, societies, and communities should cooperate in a better way with each other to decrease babe poke. Possible and innovate solutions and suggestions are arose at the end of this paper.Keywords claw tug, poverty, teaching, India, Nigeria, governments, planetary churn organizations1 IntroductionFor many years, claw labour has been angiotensin-converting enzyme of the biggest obstacles to societal development. It is a challenge and long-term goal in many countries to abolish all forms of pip-squeak labour. E in particular in developing countries, it is use uped as a serious issue these days. churl labour refers to nipperren who miss their childhood and ar e not able to beget the basic amenities which a child should drive home. Recently the International Labour Organization (ILO,2013) estimated there are around 215 million children in the midst of the successions five-spot to cardinal who works worldwide. They are often mistreated and work for prolonged hours, in very(prenominal) enceinte conditions. This can locomote their health physically, mentally and emotionally. These children do not demand the basic rights like access to trailtime or health care. tally to ILO (2013) the largest numbers of child labourers are operative in unfounded work and the total number of child workers is increasing, even though it is forbidden by law. These children are vulnerable to diseases and they struggle with long-term physical and mental pain. The of import cause that induces children to work is poverty. These children work for their survival and their families. (Mapaure, 2009).Some studies like Dessy and Pallage (2003) argue not al l the work that children do is harmful or brutal.Some work may provide successful learning opportunities, such as baby sitting or newspaper delivery jobs, but not if the work exposes them to psychological stress, like human trafficking, prostitution and pornographic activities.The external organizations prepare make great efforts to eliminate child labour across the world. Many countries have adopted legislation to prohibit child labour nonetheless(prenominal) child labour is widespread through surface the world. It is not easy working class for confused income countries to achieve banning child labour. Several studies and international organizations considered that education is the key strategy in addressing child labour, and it can help children to stay outside(a) from work. However not every family can afford to light their children to school or, even if they enrolled, afford to keep them attending the school.1.2 Research purpose and questions electric razor labour is a s erious problem and a challenge for many developing countries. Many countries have enacted various laws and have taken serious initiatives to eradicate child labour, but still the problem is very widespread throughout the world. This paper critically examined child labour in India and Nigeria and how both governments undertake various programs to eradicate child labour through various organizations and agencies. In addition to understanding and investigating distinguishable reasons behind the annoyance of child labour that has engulfed throughout the world and a brief canvass on how child labour has so far been studied .Further, this paper states how to contribute to in raising the governments awareness nigh the importance of issues related to child labour, education and their living condition. This investigate work addresses a questionWhat are the current patterns in child labour in India and Nigeria now? What kind of policies are adopted to address child labour in India and N igeria? How does policies adopted relate to previously identified causes?1.3 methodological analysisThis study it has been establish on a comparative case study between two countries. The comparative method is going to give the researchers mulish tools for analysis and research. This approach allows the researcher to understand when two or more than cases are come down against one another(Bryman 2008, p.58). In order to answer research question secondary entropy is collected through literature stuff researched from academic books, articles, and news and research reports on child labour, poverty education and public health of child labour. The literature review is mostly based on research papers of divergent scholars and reports provided by UNICEF, ILO and World swan in terms of international labour standards and human rights conventions. Secondary data were also extracted from international organisations like the ILO, the UN and the World Bank. This paper attempts to provide with down-to-earth overview of the child labour situation. Peer reviewed online resources and academic articles written by different scholars, were used in this paper to determine the existing child labour policies.1.4 DelimitationSince child labour is an extremely complex phenomenon, this study is expressage to examining the nature and extent of child labour aged between five and xiv years old. The largest number of working children between the ages of five and 14 involved in economic activities worldwide. The study focuses on the fight against child labour, and the importance of legislation for working children. This study weighs at the two countries India and Nigeria and to secern what policies have already been implemented to tackle child labour. India and Nigeria have been elect for the study because today, Asia has more child labour in the world, for example India has the largest number of worlds working children with almost every third child being a child labourand every fourth child between the age group of five to fifteen is act in some economic activities. While, Nigeria has the highest the incidence of child labourers in Africa. Both countries have been experiencing the burden of the phenomenon and difficulties to eradicate it(Bhat& Rather, 2009 Owolabi, 2012).1.5 OutlineThis study is divided into four chapters. Chapter single provides the background of the problem, the purpose of the research question, methodology, delimitations and outline. Chapter Two explores the situation of child labour in India and Nigeria and then explains the problems of enforcing child labour regulations. Chapter Three gives an overview and definition of child labour- , rural and urban, the differences between boys and girls engaged in economic activity, the link between child labour and poverty, various factors involved in child labour. subsequently a description of the International Legal frameworks of ILO and UNICEF and also describes some of the major internati onal and personaal organizations, governments and the work they have done to fight against child labour. Chapter Four presents the theoretical framework which gives outline of the causes behind child labour,the child labour problems in relation to primary schooling and the reasons which makes children drop out of school or not go to school. Chapter Five, the results of the study is reported. In Chapter cardinal presents the conclusion.2 BackgroundThe incidence of child labour is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa followed by Asia and the Pacific. The prevalence of child labour is very high in sub-Saharan Africa especially in Nigeria. About 48 million child laborers across sub-Saharan Africa, including 15 million in Nigeria engaged in child labour (Ajakaye,2013) In Asia and the Pacific is the region with the largest number of child labour, India has the largest number of children in the world (ILO,2012)Child labour is an old phenomenon in both India and Nigeria According to Vakni n(2009), it is traditional in both countries tosend a child to work children participated in agri pagan and sign work. Parents consider that the work help children learn new skills, however these children are candid to hazards and to physical factors.Both countries were colonized by British. Nigeria became a British colony in 1800 but acquired its independence in 1960. Since independence the province experience a very violent history. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa with more than 170 million people. The country has the largest oil and gas reserves in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its oil wealth, however, Nigeria remains highly underdeveloped. woeful governance and corruption have limited infrastructure development and social service delivery and slowing economic growth keeping more of the population suffers from extreme poverty (Ploch,2013) In 1612 India became British colony and strong-minded in 1947.India is worlds second most populous country with 1.2 billio n people. Indian economy is among the fastest in the world, however the take of poverty in India is still high with high rate analphabetism rates, disease, and malnutrition and largest awareness of poor people in the world(Krishna , 2012) In this chapter I look into the child labour situation in India and Nigeria and how government supporting to eliminate child labour.2.1 Child labour in IndiaThe use of child labour is very prevalence in India and the cause is deep rooted with poverty. UNICEF India has estimated 28 million children aged five to fourteen involved in work (UNICEF,2011) Child labour is not a new phenomenon in India where children has eternally worked. During the industrial revolution child labour increased, due to the shift of labour movements to colonial countries. Children can be found in every sector of the informal economy (Molanka,2008).The incidence of working children in India are engaged in dotty occupations such as factories manufacturing diamonds, firewor ks, silk and carpets, glass and bricks(Waghamode& Kalyan,2013). There are several factors that force children to work such as inadequate economic growth, poverty, unemployment over population and lack of education and health care (Ahmad,2012).On school attendance in India a large number of children between ten to fourteen years of age are not enrolled in school because of household economic condition. Attendance in school or dropout differs for male and female part boys are more likely to provide financial income for the family, girls are more involved in household chores (Kakoli & Sayeed ,2013).High illiteracy and dropout rates are high in India due to inadequacy of the educational system. Even through many poor families dont realise education as a benefit to society, they consider that work develops skills that can be used to earn income (Ahmed, 2012)2.2 The legal framework and policies to control child labour in India The India government has schematic various proactive polic ies towards ejection of child labour. India has not yet ratified ILO expressions 138 and 182 on banning child labour and eliminating the worst forms of exploitation. However the government of India implemented a child labour law in 1986(The Child Labour Prohibition and legislation mask) the legislation sets a minimum age for employment of children at fourteen years and forbid child labour in heavy sectors. The political relation prohibits forced and bonded child labour but is not able to use this prohibition. The Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act does not forbid child labour but consider about regulating it.But thusly the law does not eliminate all forms of child labour specially when the vast majority of children under the age of fourteen are working in family farms or doing households (Venkatarangaiya human foot2005).India has a number of child labour projects which have been implemented to help children from hazardous occupations and provide them an education. Including the National Child Labour Policy (NCLP) started in 1987. The aim of NCLP is to help children in hazardous activities and provide non-formal education, vocational training, supplementary nutrition etc. The ILO IPEC (International Programme on the reasoning by elimination of Child Labour) is also another progarmme which eliminate child labour, the course of instruction sponsors 175 projects in India(Padmanabhan,2010 ) Furthermore, several NGOs like Care India, Child Rights and You, spherical March against Child Labour, etc. have taken up the task to get the children back to school and also volunteers along with villagers. The MV macrocosm isnon-governmental organisation (NGO) whose mission is to tackle child labour through promoting childlike education, even approaching parents to send their children to school.In spite of various laws regarding child labour and much efforts done by the non-governmental organizations, nonetheless children continue to work on a massive sca le in most split of the country. This is a problem because most child labour laws in India do not cover all types of work such as agriculture, wholesale trade, restaurants and domestic works. Usually these children are the most vulnerable child labourers (Venkatarangaiya Foundation2005).Despite these efforts, child labour legislation to protect children has been unsuccessful, this is because of the majority of Indian population lives in rural areas with lack of infrastructure and is difficult to enforcement of laws and policies in rural areas. Many of the policies and legislative tools in India are rooted late in defection, allowing for illegal behaviours to take advantage of flaws. Many people swear that the cause of these behaviours is something technical, it will be shown that there is a relative heavily percentage of human omitting factor involved, often arising from the mentioned attitudes towards childrens work(Murphy, 2005).2.3 Child labor in NigeriaChild labour is preva lent in urban centers in Nigeria. This is because a large number of people move from the rural areas to urban area. Over the years there has been a rapid growth in Nigerias population because of massive rural-urban migration. For instance Uyo is the capital of Akwa Ibom State, the city has undergo rapid urbanization and many poor rural families struggle for a better life in urban areas. This pushes families to force their children to work in order to supplement family incomes (Okafor,2010 Nseabasi & Abiodun 2010). The number of child labour is increasing in Nigeria, in 1995, the number of child labour was twelve million while by 2006 the number of child labour under the age fourteen has risen to fifteen million (Adegun,2013). The International Labor Organization estimates that about 25 percent of Nigerias 80 million children under the age of fourteen are involved in child labour.Children works in differentsectors such as farms, domestic help, in fishing, mining, armed conflict, pa th hawking, and child trafficking. The number of child labour involved in bridle-path hawking is a very common form of child labour in Nigerian cities, these children working from morning to evening and as a result of this, they do not have the time to enroll in schools or most of them drop out of school. Awosusi& Adebo (2012) assumes that many child labourers in Nigeria are abused physically, mentally, sexually and psychologically. They work long hours under dangerous and hazardous conditions with little or no pay benefits.Education in Nigeria is compulsory for a child that till nine years old. Nigerian government makes primary education free and compulsory for all children However, many children do not attend school, about six million children in Nigeria, both boys and girl, are estimated to be working .The dropout rates for primary school are high for both boys and girls because of several factors such as poverty and early marriage teenage pregnancy poor school, or cultural and religious issues (Awosusi& Adebo,2012 Elijah & Okoruwa,2006)2.4 The legal framework and policies to control child labour in Nigeria Several policies and legislations have been adopted by the Federal Government of Nigeria for upward(a) the welfare of children by eradicating child labour. However, ILO (2000) states some of the legislation and policies have deteriorated, and are not being imposed. Although, there is no direct labour constitution in the country, there are several policies and social programmes which aims at improving education, health, population, social development, and child welfare if enforced would help to reduce child labour (ILO,2000)The Federal Labor Act Government have set the minimum age for the employment of children at twelve years and is in force in all the 36 states of Nigeria. The Nigerias Labor Act permits children at any age to perform light work in domestic service or work with family member in agriculture. However, the Child Rights Act prohibits the worst forms of child labour, including the forced labour of children and use of children in prostitution or in armed conflict. The Labor Act sets different ages for various hazardous occupations. For instance, a child aged fifteen or older can work inindustries.The law forbids children under age of sixteen to work underground or to work with machines but distinctly allow children aged between sixteen to eighteen to do these hazardous occupations. However, the same law prohibits employment of child under the age of 11eighteen to work in harmful milieu. The law does not exterminate children from domestic service, this can increased incentives for parents to send their children to work (United States Department of Labor, 2011).In 2002 Nigeria ratified radiation diagram No. 138, the Minimum Age Convention and Convention No. 182, the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Nigeria also adopted the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the African Charter on the Rights and W elfare of the Child, which appeared to have primed(p) rest to the argument that children have no clearly definable rights in Nigeria. Both the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) were adopted in 1991 and 1985 respectively. However both the CRC and CEDAW have now been domesticated in Nigeria. The African Charter has also been domesticated by Nigeria.However, the National Assembly should seriously look into these and other international laws, especially human rights issues that adversely affect the rights and fundamental freedoms of the citizenry. Thus, the problem now is how effectively to enforce and monitor the implementation of these provisions as they affect childrens and womens rights in Nigeria. This also presupposes that all social rights should be made justifiable in Nigeria so as to empower the less privileged in the society (Onyemachi, 2010).The Nigerian government has provided an enabling environment and support for these civil society organizations (CSOs) to thrive and has drawn from their work formulate policies, programmes and interventions for child victims of abuse and violence (Ekpenyong& Sibirii, 2011). On 2000, the Nigerian Government established a national program to eliminate the worst forms of child labour in Nigeria (Elijah& Okoruwa, 2006). Despite all these children are still abused. Ekpenyong and Sibirii (2011) states the reason child labour is prevalent is due to the economic situation where many familieslive below poverty and can barely earn enough to pass themselves and their children. Furthermore mainly child laborers are engaged at the household level or street hawking Togunde and Arielle (2008) argues that regulations regarding street hawking have been difficult to control by the government.