Gasland and the Social Conflict Theory Essay

Gasland can be examined using the social conflict theory of socialism. There are three main theories of socialism: structural functional, social conflict, and symbolic interaction. The reason for social conflict being the best candidate for Gasland is because it shows how much power, wealth, and prestige the government can hold among the U.S. population. Josh Fox is the main character in the documentary, Gasland, and he can sell his land for $100,000 to the government for them to put in natural gas areas and drill wells for it. Other home owners with much land would do this to get money but then once the natural gas was set all over their land, there was a problem. After the wells were drilled, water started going â€Å"bad† and people became ill because of the contaminated water. For example, one family’s water was so polluted that their water was able to catch on fire. Another example of bad water was that the animals on a farm would drink this water and start losing their hair. These many stories swept over the United States as Josh Fox went around to homes with this natural gas-water problem interviewing folks who were all deeply concerned for their well-being. Water started turning yellowish-brown and citizens had to go into town just to buy bottles of water to bathe in and drink. It became a huge social conflict that escaladed slowly but surely. To conclude this short essay, social conflict clearly examines in this film that how opposing interests run through every layer of society. The constant balancing of trying to progress the U.S. environment is difficult when it is happening at a rapid pace. Striving for more power may just be the main cause of social conflict.

Agency Problem Essay

Financial Management (Agency problem) Prepared by: Sami Hassan Saeed Singabi August 2008 Introduction Economic science teaches us that due to their subjective needs, individuals have subjective preferences, and hence different interest. Occasionally different subjective interests give rise to conflicts of interest between contracting partners. These conflicts of interest may result in turn, in one or both parties undertaking actions that may be against the interest of the other contracting partner. The primary reason for the divergence of objectives between managers and shareholders has been attributed to separation of ownership (shareholders) and control (management) in corporations. As a consequence, agency problems or principal-agent conflicts exist in the firm. Agency theory deals with such problem. Agency theory is concerned with how these agency problems affect the form of the contract and how they can be minimized, in particular, when contracting parties are variously informed (or uncertain). Agency problem A problem arising from a conflict of interest between principals such as investors and agents acting for them, such as brokers or managers. Agency problem refers to a conflict of interest arising between creditors, shareholders and management because of differing goals. It exists due to problems in corporate governance. A typical problem is that of senior management of a company, who are charged with running the business in the interests of shareholders; choose instead to operate to maximize their own interests. A simple example is the hired anager who fills his pockets at shareholders’ expenses. For example, an agency problem exists when management and shareholders have conflicting ideas on how the company should be run. Agency problems that arise in a corporation have troubled economists for some time. There are a number of mechanisms that have been used to try and reduce these agency problems. Many of these mechanisms try to link the manager’s compensation to the per formance of the firm. Typical examples include performance shares, restricted stock grants, and executive stock options. This dissertation is an empirical study of whether the use of executive stock options has in fact reduced the agency problems between managers and stockholders. In this dissertation, two different testing methodologies are used to address the agency problem reduction issue. One methodology looks at some significant event such as a merger or divestiture to see if an executive’s holding of stock options affect what decisions are made. For example, do larger holdings of stock options motivate managers to take on riskier investments? By increasing the risk of the firm, managers can increase the value of the stock options. Another question of interest is whether in taking on risky investments; do executives increase the leverage of the firm? By increasing the leverage of the firm, the executive might increase the risk of the firm and thus the value of the option holdings. An agency relationship An agency relationship arises whenever one or more individuals, called principals, hire one or more other individuals, called agents, to perform some service and then delegate decision-making authority to the agents. The primary agency relationships in business are those :- (1) Between stockholders and managers and 2) Between debt holders and stockholders. These relationships are not necessarily harmonious; indeed, agency theory is concerned with so-called agency conflicts, or conflicts of interest between agents and principals. These relationships are not necessarily harmonious; indeed, agency theory is concerned with so-called agency conflicts, or conflicts of interest between agents and principals. Expansion increase potential agency problems, if you expanded to additional locations you could not physically be at all locations at the same time. Consequently, you would have to delegate decision-making authority to others. Creditors can protect themselves by: (1) Having the loan secured. (2) Placing restrictive covenants in debt agreements. (3) They charge a higher than normal interest rate to compensate for risk. Agency cost A type of internal cost that arises from, or must be paid to a manger acting on behalf of shareholders. Agency cost arises because of core problems such as conflicts of interest between share holders and management. Shareholders wish for management to run the company in away that increases shareholders value, but management may wish to grow the company in away that maximize their personal power and wealth that may not be in the best interest of shareholders. Agency costs are inevitable within an organization whenever shareholders are not completely in charge; the cost can usually be best spent on providing proper material incentives and moral incentives for agents to properly execute their duties, thereby aligning the interests of shareholders (owners) and agents. The principals (the shareholders) have to find ways of ensuring that their agents (the managers) act in their interests. This means incurring costs, ‘agency costs’, to (a) monitor managers’ behavior, and (b) create incentive schemes and control for managers to pursue shareholders’ wealth maximization. Various methods have been used to try to align the actions of senior management with the interests of shareholders, that is, to achieve ‘goal congruence’. Linking rewards to shareholder wealth improvements: Owners can grant directors and other senior managers share options. These ermit the managers to purchase shares at some date in the future at a price, which is fixed in the present. If the share price rises significantly between the dates when the option was granted and the date when the shares can be bought the manager can make a fortune by buying at the pre-arranged price and then selling in the market place. The managers under such a scheme have a clear interest in achieving a rise in share price and thus congruence comes about to some extent. An alternative method is to allot shares to managers if they achieve certain performance targets, for example, growth in earnings per share or return on shares. Sackings: The threat of being sacked with the accompanying humiliation and financial loss may encourage managers not to diverge too far from the shareholders’ wealth path. However this method is seldom used because it is often difficult to implement due to difficulties of making a coordinated shareholder effort. Selling shares threat and the take- over: Most of the large shareholders (especially institutional investors) of quoted companies are not prepared to put large resources into monitoring and controlling all the firms of which they own a part. Quite often their first response, if they observe that management is not acting in what they regard as their best interest, is to sell the share rather than intervene. This will result in a lower share price, making the raising of funds more difficult. If this process continues the firm may become vulnerable to a merger bid by another group of managers, resulting in a loss of top management posts. Fear of being taken over can establish some sort of backstop position to prevent shareholder wealth considerations being totally ignored. Corporate governance regulations: There is a considerable range of legislation and other regulatory pressures (e. g. the Companies Act) designed to encourage directors to act in shareholders’ interests. Within these regulations for example, the board of directors is not to be dominated by a single individual acting as both the chairman and chief executive. Also independently minded non-executive directors should have more power to represent shareholder interests; in particular, they should predominate in decisions connected with directors’ remuneration and auditing of firm’s accounts. Information flow: The accounting profession, the stock exchange, the regulating agencies and the investing public are continuously conducting a battle to encourage or force firms to release more accurate, timely and detailed information concerning their operations. An improved quality of corporate accounts, annual reports and the availability of other forms of information flowing to investors and analysts such as company briefings and press announcements help to monitor firms, and identify any wealth-destroying actions by wayward managers early. Conclusion Diffuse ownership of publicly held companies reduces the owners’ ability to monitor managers because they would have to bear the full monitoring costs while gaining only a small marginal benefit. Managers may therefore act to maximize their wealth through personal use of corporate assets, stock manipulation and sub optimal decisions at the owners’ expense. Thus agency theory practical mechanism is weak, because it is unable to provide practical conclusions with regard to agency problems. References: 1. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. htm 2. www. referenceforbusiness. com 3. Financial-dictionary. The free dictionary. com

Becoming influencial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Becoming influencial - Essay Example Honesty is a great virtue of a nurse and honest communication is essential for a nurse. I try to be honest without hurting other people's feelings because I am afraid if I am honest, then I will really hurt someone and then they won't like me. However, if I am going to be an RN, then I need to learn how take things personally. "I should pay attention to how I speak and how I act when I speak. Nonverbal signs & signals say more about us than words. I should make sure my words are reflected in my body language."(Sullivan & Decker, 2005) I need to focus on the problem, not the person. (Sullivan, 2005) I have to remember that my honesty is not personal, it's business. I should strive to improve my communication Skills (Sullivan, 2005) As a nurse, every night, I will assess / review what I have said to my peers and colleagues and note if I was honest or not. I will also ask my friends/ colleges from time to time how they view my honesty. I will start doing this now and will continue it in my nursing career. One more important virtue which I think is mandatory is Professional Positive Attitude. A positive attitude is everything. It is specially required for nursing and health care related jobs. Positive attitude "is a state of mind at which impossible is nothing. Our mind releases abundance of energy and strength in our body to achieve anything that we desire." (careercurry.com, 2007) Positive attitude increases the level of productivity for nurses and it will increase the chance of health for their patients by inspiration and positive energy. "Conveying a positive & energetic attitude sends the message of being "doer" and someone to be sought out for involvement in important issues. Being optimistic promote a can do attitude that suggests power & instills confidence in others."(Sullivan & Decker, 2005) I feel that when I am upset, then I have a hard time keeping a positive attitude. When taking care of patients a nurse needs to keep a positive attitude because patients can sense when you're upset. Thus, I will need to have some forms of exercise (such as jazzercise) which will enable me to have full control over my emotions. I will also need to see things from different perspectives so I am not easily angered. I will attend jazzercise sessions and every week I will evaluate/check what have I learned from such session and try to practice it to my day to day living. In September I joined jazzercise and have found that it decreases my stress, lower my blood pressure, and I have a more positive attitude now that I have been making myself do this every week. Now that I have started this I would like to continue this for the rest of my life. Becoming bold and/or daring also is also recommended for nurses. "Boldness is an opposite of being shy. A bold person may be willing to risk shame or rejection in social situations, and willing to bend rules of etiquette or politeness. An excessively bold person could aggressively ask for money, or persistently push a person to fulfill some request, and so on. Excessive boldness may thus be regarded as impertinence or arrogance. Outside a social context, "boldness" can also refer to a willingness to get things done, even despite risks, and is therefore broadly synonymous with bravery."(Wiki Encyclopedia, 2007) Boldness is being daring and essential for nurses. It is like the courage of taking risk in every circumstance that might not lead to a good result but still would want to pursue it. Becoming bold requires accepting risks for the

SWOT RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SWOT AND ANALYSIS - Research Paper Example Student support has also been witnessed in various programs which have been introduced (UCI, 2015b). This is not only through the interest that the learners have in the programs but also in terms of financial support when the institutions need to come up with the required infrastructure (CSUSTAN, 2013). The major flaw is lack of required facilities. Being a fresh initiative, new infrastructure and facilities need to be put in place. Universities at times lack some of the needed equipment for the success of new programs (Senior Editorial Board, 2014; CEP, 2015). Fiscal uncertainty is another problem. Others include inability to hire and retain new staff, bureaucracy in the university operational structures, limited resources for research and development, lack of support and pervasive presence of the outside community. The presence and support of the external community is needed since the course entails exploring regional water usage in the state (California State University San Marcos, 2015). In additional to these, the highly competitive market for diverse faculty and the lack of pride from the internal community are considered among the

Communication Skills in the Construction Industry Assignment

Communication Skills in the Construction Industry - Assignment Example This paper shall likewise recommend that individual sites be treated as a separate business unit managed by a Project Manager. Site Managers or Project Managers should report directly to the project delivery Director to ensure that accountability and deliverables for each project are monitored more effectively. The changes shall also ensure that reporting lines and administrative responsibilities are delineated and established that will clear any ambiguities amongst the personnel at the construction site. A detailed task list on a per module basis during construction phases will make it possible to report a more accurate construction status. This strategy will also enable the project management group to monitor usage of materials and wastage. The foreman will report materials usage, completion status, and manpower consumption. Being informed of the exact construction status on a more regular basis, client expectation will be easier to manage. Determining the critical path will enable any site manager to determine the exact time for construction materials to be delivered. This will lessen the cost of warehousing and materials storage. Heavy equipment use will also be predictable which will lessen the rental cost and parking cost. As a predicate, the construction operation is normally conducted in this manner—during Fridays, foremen are mandated to report the status of the section they are supposed to complete for the week. On Saturdays, based on the report given by the foremen, a verification team inspects the completion stage or the status of each of the work order. On Sundays, the project leaders compare the completed work orders base on the project plan of the building. Base on the completion status, delivery of materials and heavy equipment rentals for the work order that is scheduled to be completed for the week are then reserved for the following week. If there is some misunderstanding with regards to the expectation and the work orders completed, r evision as well as the new instructions, the architects and engineers are called to provide more detailed instruction on the Monday-morning foreman’s meeting.

Marketing Strategy - Orange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Strategy - Orange - Essay Example However, through the course of time, the success of online retailers proved to be a factor of its resources and how it employs these to achieve its specific goals and objectives. From its humble beginnings, Tesco Plc has gained the reputation of being the largest British retailer in terms of global and local shares. It is estimated that in every  £8 UK retail sales,  £1 is spent on Tesco (Tesco Plc 2007). Recognizing the growth opportunities in the virtual marketplace, the giant retailer has decided to establish online presence during 1994. Three years after, Tesco has started an online shopping which it named Tesco Direct (Tesco Plc 2007). Since then, Tesco has started offering grocery and food items in its virtual store, Tesco.com. On August 2006, the company announced the offering of non-food items in its online store under the name Tesco Direct. This marketing strategy has proved to be very efficient and profitable for the retailing giant. During the fiscal year 2006, the company announced a total annual turnover of  £33.974 billion and reported a pre-tax profit of  £1.962 billion. Out of this,  £1.2 billion is shared by Tesco.com in terms of total revenue and  £83 million in terms of profit. Even though the share of Tesco.com is meagre compared to total turnover and profit generated by Tesco Plc, its growth has been remarkable. The fiscal year 2006 reports online sales double-digit growth of 29.2% while profits soar by 49.5% (Tesco Plc Annual Report 2006). Compared to its rivals in the UK retail industry, Tesco.com captures a higher market share at 65%. Walmart-owned Asda chain lags behind with 16% while Sainsbury corners 14% (Best 2006). Its success has also been documented as it has been named the only retailer which has been able to make online shopping profitable (Walker 2006). The recent trends and developments in the global market stress the huge emerging opportunities in online retailing. In the UK alone, there has been a sharp rise in the number of

Business Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Strategy - Research Paper Example The paper assesses the company strategy employed at Techno Electronics Ltd during its ten year tenure in business as well as providing recommendations for realizing further success in the international market. Techno Electronics Ltd’s strategies of product innovation and product development are employed via the R&D team which has been spearheading the series production of quality products produced over the past years. At Techno Electronics Ltd, large sums are invested into the manufacturing and R&D team in order to enhance the company’s manufacturing set up, economic sourcing and prototyping of components, product design and development, lean production as well as its total quality management in order to timely deliver quality products as per the customers specifications and or needs (Singer, 2008). The company’s long existence in the market is an indicator of the success of the employed strategies. Techno Electronics Ltd has been able to survive the tough and speedy growing world of technology. According to Kaplan and Norton (2008), the use of advanced technology in the production phase can increase the company’s productivity as well as reduce the cost of production. In addition, Porter (2008) suggests that the human resource strategies the company should take into consideration should involve training of employees in order to increase productivity and gain global competitive advantage as well as cut on the high cost of hiring labor. Other strategies include international marketing communication to market the products as well as build the company’s brand image in the international market (Kà ¶ksal and Ãâ€"zgà ¼l, 2007). Pricing strategies involving high product pricing should be employed to tone down the high production cost. With the continued growth in the use of social networks, the company should use these services as marketing tools for expanding into fre sh markets. Furthermore, online marketing helps build the

The Destiny of the Unevangelized Debate Research Paper

The Destiny of the Unevangelized Debate - Research Paper Example The view that one will adopt on whether divine election is conditional or unconditional will determine in a big way the position that one will take on the destiny of the unevangelized debate. In the Christian tradition, we have two schools of thought on divine predestination: the Calvinism and the Arminianism 2. The proponents of Calvinism are of the view that divine predestination is unconditional, while the proponents of Arminianism hold the contrary view that divine election is conditional. On this basis, we can broadly view the debate on the fate of the unevangelized as the debate between the Calvinists and the Arminianists. This paper evaluates the debate on the destiny of the unevangelized and analysis the philosophical arguments used to support the various positions on this debate. Also, the paper evaluates the biblical verses used to support the arguments, and at the end of the paper, a clear position is taken based on the critical analysis of the issues raised in this paper. The paper begins with an analysis of the four views expressed by Boyd and Eddy on the debate about the destiny of the unevangelized 3. The following are the four views on the fate of the unevangelized that are discussed by Boyd and Eddy in their book, Across the Spectrum. ... This position has been the predominant view among many Church theologians including, the great Catholic theologian St. Augustine of Hippo, and John Calvin, the reformist theologian4. There are a number of people in the modern world who still hold this view. The proponents of this position argue that some biblical verses like, John, 3: 36, and 1 John, 5: 12 support the restrictivist view. A literal translation of these two verses shows that Jesus Christ is, indeed, the only way to God and that the knowledge of Jesus Christ is a requirement for salvation. Also, in the book Through no Fault, Darrel L. Bock cites Acts, 10: 12-43, to support his Restrictivist view and he argues that unless the non-believers are evangelized, believe in God, and repent their sins, then they shall all be damned 5. Darrel argues that the ignorance of the Gospel of Jesus Christ will lead to damnation because unless one has knowledge of Jesus Christ, one will not be able to dedicate their lives to God and to re pent their sins. He cited Acts, 17: 30-31, to support his claim. A critical look at the restrictivist view of the destiny of the unevangelized raises one pertinent question: How can a loving and just God condemn to eternal perdition those who, through no fault of their own, did not hear about the Gospel?6 Can a just God punish one for a mistake over which they had no control? Although there are a number of biblical verses that seem to support the restrictivist view on the destiny of the unevangelized, the proponents of the restrictivist view would be hard pressed to answer these two questions. Universal Opportunity This view on the destiny of the unevangelized hold that, ultimately, all Gods people will be saved, whether they are Christians or not; Universalists are

The Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Firms Assignment

The Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Firms - Assignment Example The major drivers of globalization according to Singer (2004) include social-demographic (regional, cultural), technological, which includes telecommunications, internet and transportation, economic factors like foreign direct investment, profit motives and market share, ecological and environmental factors like pollution and green laws, and political-legal factors like falling trade barriers, political stability and intellectual property. These factors have hence allowed not just the larger establishments such as the MNCs to look across borders but also the smaller entrepreneurs who capitalized on the resources and took advantage of the liberalization. Entrepreneurship has been defined in many ways by different authors and researchers. According to Stevenson, ‘entrepreneurship’ is â€Å"the process whereby individuals become aware of business ownership as an option or viable alternative, develop ideas for business, learn the process of becoming an entrepreneur and undertake the initiation and development of a business† (Chigunta, 2002). Opportunity Recognition (OR) is an important aspect of entrepreneurship (Silverthorne, 2005) and passionate vision distinguishes entrepreneurs from their competitive competitors (McIntyre, 1998). Entrepreneurs have a propensity to take risks and the need for achievement serves as the driving force (Koh, 1996). Hence an entrepreneur is one who is quick to identify an opportunity, take risks, one who is prepared for challenges and adversities and can achieve profits by utilizing the available resources.  

The Liberal Illusion of the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Liberal Illusion of the United States - Essay Example As the report declares the terrorist attack on Washington and New York was the main cause for the change in approach towards international law. The George Bush administration further propelled it on the pretext of saving their country and its citizens. In addition to it, they also drafted certain foreign policies called the Bush doctrine. According to the report findings U.S has the right to utilize nuclear weapons and not abide by the international treaties or agreements for its self-interest. It also states that they will work towards the prevention of any rivalry in the world and utilize the military policy and power for the interest of the U.S capitalism around the world. This imperialist doctrine is a great cause of concern for the entire world. Several other instances have also portrayed the tyranny of the U.S government and its contempt towards international law. U.S government has made the use of cluster bombs in the civilian areas of Afghanistan that has caused great damage to the residence of that area. This action of the Bush administration is a violation against the 1949 Geneva Convention. The detention of 600 soldiers from 40 countries at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba also demonstrates their realistic approach. The United States government has also refused to abide by certain treaties such as the Landmi nes Treaty, the Kyoto Protocol, the Chemical Weapons Treaty and the Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty. The attack on Iraq also indicates the change in approach of the U.S government toward the international law.

Pros and cons of using technology Essay Example for Free

Pros and cons of using technology Essay For many years, people have invented new technology equipment which became part of our lives. With existence of technology, people tend to depend on modern machines like smartphone, laptop, television and others. Moreover, the sharp development of technology has extremely expressed the human’s intelligence and creativity. Thanks to technology, everything becomes easier, more convenient and enjoyable for us. However, the matter is whether or not we use these technology efficiently. This essay will tell you more about advantages and disadvantages of technology Once upon a time, people did everything by their own hands. They washed clothes beside the rivers, cooked meals by firing wood, walked on foot from one place to others. At that time, the communication was so limited and inconvenient. People who were far from each other were difficult to connect. Nonetheless, technology appeared and obviously changed the whole world so far. Technology apparently has become part of our lives since it brought large benefits to us in communication, entertainment, business, education†¦.It appeared to make people’ matters easier, to save time, to bring people closer and closer. In the past, a woman was always busy with the housework, taking care of children, cooking for meal manually. Contrarily, nowadays everything becomes faster and easier with the support of washing-machine, microwave, television and many technical equipment. Instead of spending more than hour only in order to wash clothes by hands, they save time and energy by putting it into machine and doing other stuff. With microwaves, you just spend few minutes even few seconds for a meal. Thus, with much developed technology, you can save times and feel like you have more than 24 hours a day. With smart phone and internet, we are able to talk and see our friends and relatives who living far from us and feel like they are beside us. Moreover, the development of digital technology helps people not only expand relationships over the world but also learn more new things. With a laptop connected to the internet, we can easily find information from many sources and relax with many online games or music. It is also so amazing that we can find our old friends through social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and share information to any part of the world only milliseconds. The communication becomes cheaper and more convenient thanks to people’ great inventions. Especially, we must consider how effective technology can help work. Amount  of modern applications and devices help people easily manage their work and their time such as take-note schedule, remind tasks and important events. In the past, we took at least two or three days to send a letter to another place. Now we can send an email just by click â€Å"send†, it takes only few seconds. Moreover, some people also might choose to work at home and j ust connect with other by network. Even though technology brought us many advantages, have people utilized it as efficient way? It will be negative effort if we abuse of it too much. Unfortunately, almost every one of us are depending on modern equipment and not realizing the unpredictable consequences. While people are able to talk with their friends who are far from us, they may have difficulty in communicating with others around them. They are more comfortable with hiding behind the screens rather than talking face to face. It is actually sad to say that we are becoming less social interaction and insensitive to each other. Young people tend to be alone and passive with smartphone, laptop and uncommunicative to people around them. With state-of-the-art devices, we work more efficiently than before. However, there are also some drawbacks. Abusing of technology might make us become a machine: work, work and work. Some firm owners try to extend more time work and employees probably become workaholic because of the benefit and convenient devices. Businessmen tend to bring work to home and no more time watching TV with their children and family. Obviously, their wives and children extremely don’t like that. Moreover, life of people are under the heavy threat by internet crimes. Exploiting the development of social networks or computer tricks, they steal information, documents from other device. More dangerous, they also rape the young girls who have the habit check in on Facebook, Instagram or kidnap children for a ransom. Therefore, the more developed of technology also internet, the more dangerous people have to face with. Every part of our daily life is almost related to technology and its development continuously satisfy our demands. Unfortunately, our dependence on technology currently is too much, it is considerably alarming. The impact of technology on our lives can be devastating if we don’t keep ourselves in check Technology is like a coin which has both positive and negative sides. We should decide and choose how to use it. The advantages of technology are  very helpful for people if we use it right, it will be effective to our lives and society. Nobody can deny positively development of technology, but it must be the positive developed and shouldn’t have any negative affected in present or future. Comments: Good argument, perhaps you guys can add more argument about using technology, because I saw no clear argument about it. Does people today really using technology effectively? You can write also about the crime using technology. For example: People who rape young girl who they knew from facebook. (Renitha – 02910116) Interesting topic with good explanations and examples. Although there are some unclear parts but in the end, readers can get the points. There are some grammatical and colloquial errors, hope you can put on more attention on it. Overall, this is a fine essay (Danny – 02911741)

Law and Ethics, Patients Rights in Practice Essay Example for Free

Law and Ethics, Patients Rights in Practice Essay In particular, those aspects observed by the student relating to patients privacy, confidentiality and any situations which warranted a limitation to patient privacy will be described and discussed with reference to patients rights. Situations in the hospital setting where the student nurse viewed health professionals informing patients about treatment options, encouraging patients to take action in decisions about their health, and gaining informed, voluntary consent prior to procedures will be discussed. An explanation of reasons for selecting privacy and consent as two essential concepts which health providers must understand will be illustrated. The legal and ethical responsibility of health care providers in relation to the aforementioned fundamental principles of achieving patient privacy and gaining informed voluntary consent will be examined with a clear emphasis on patient’ rights. While on clinical placement, the student nurse observed health professionals maintaining patient privacy to a high standard by consistently shutting curtains around patient’s beds, lowering their voices when working with patients in rooms containing multiple beds, courteously requesting visitors to leave the room when procedures of a sensitive nature were preformed and closing patient’s doors to limit unwanted interference from hallways. In order to show patients respect, dignity and consideration, which are outlined as a fundamental patient right in the Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter (2002), patients were consistently examined in areas that were as private as was possible at the time. This attempt by health care providers to maintain the physical privacy of all patients by consistently minimizing unwarranted outside attention is a clear demonstration of how health care providers maintained patient dignity, consideration and respect. According to the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. , patients have a right to be treated with courtesy throughout their hospital experience. The actions of the health care team correlate positively to this statement as through the maintenance of patient’s physical privacy, health care providers are demonstrating consideration for their patients and respecting their rights set forth in both the Queensland Health public patient charte r and the Ramsay health care charter. Throughout the clinical placement of the student nurse, the health care facility in question demonstrated exceptional adherence to national privacy principles 4. set forth in the Privacy Amendment Act (2000). Initiatives currently in place at Cairns Private Hospital ensure confidentiality of both patient’s medical records as well as patient’s personal details by limiting outside access to confidential information and preventing health care professionals from transmitting such information to the broader community. One such example observed by the student nurse involves the hospitals policy preventing nurses from leaving the hospital with materials used in nursing handovers that contain information regarding patient’s condition and personal details. The destruction of such material prevents the transmission of private information to the wider community and demonstrates the role of health care providers in maintaining patient privacy. According to the national privacy principle 4. 1 extracted from the Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act (2000, p. 9), â€Å"An organisation must take reasonable steps to protect the personal information it holds from misuse and loss and from unauthorised access, modification or disclosure. Therefore, by ensuring patients information is protected from unauthorised access and disclosure, Cairns Private Hospital is fulfilling the legal obligations set forth for private organizations in the Privacy Amendment Act (2000) principle 4. 1. Patient’s right to have their personal information kept private and confidential, as outlined in the Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter (2002), was also exceptionally demonstrated by those nurses with whom the student nurse was in contact during c linical placement. Health care providers consistently maintained patient confidentiality by limiting discussion of patient’s condition to those situations where health care providers must share patient information to improve patient care. When the student nurse observed an exchange of information between health care providers pertaining to patient’s condition, it occurred in a manner such that other patients or visitors were unable to discern the content of discussion. This includes, but is not limited to, patient information related in nursing handovers. By treating patient’s personal information obtained in a professional capacity as confidential, nurses are adhering to the expected national standards for Australian nurses as stated in ANC Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia (nd. ). The importance of maintaining patient privacy is unquestionable. Patients belief that health care professionals will handle their personal information with respect, dignity and maintain their confidentiality not only illustrates the ethical and legal responsibilities of health care providers, but correlates positively with the formation of trust between patient and nurse. According to Stein-Parbury (2005 p. 42), â€Å"†¦ without trust, there is minimal self-disclosure and little chance that patients will share their experiences with nurses or that nurses will come to understand patients’ experiences. † Therefore, through the maintenance of patient privacy and confidentiality, the element of trust, which forms the basis of all nurse-patient relationships, is strengthened. Crisp and Taylor (2005), illustrated the importance of patient privacy and confidentiality as without these two essential components patients would not feel able to tell health care professionals their most intimate and private details. This potential hesitation to share personal information with health providers can have a negative impact on the provision of care and can ultimately lead to treatment that does not take into consideration essential aspects of patient’s health. The maintenance of patient’s privacy is essential in both building trust between nurse and patient and providing holistic nursing care. As stated previously, the maintenance of patient privacy has implications in both legal and ethical spheres and is paramount to the formation of the nurse-patient relationship. Student nurses must therefore gain an understanding of the importance of maintaining patient privacy to ensure that once qualified as a registered nurse, one will understand the reasons why legally and ethically we must adhere to the guidelines. In today’s health care setting, the emphasis of patient’s rights and understanding these rights is paramount if one wishes to practice safe appropriate care for all peoples. It is for these reasons that the central issue of patient privacy was selected for consideration. Although the importance of maintaining patient privacy is unquestionable, there are ertain situations that warrant the sharing of patient information. As observed by the student nurse, health care professionals continuously share patient information between themselves in attempts to allow allied health professionals to provide appropriate holistic patient care. In today’s hospitals, with shift work and the increasing specialization of various allied healt h workers, it is essential that patient information is shared to improve patients care and outcome. In order to achieve appropriate care for patient’s, this is a requirement and will not be considered as a breach of patient privacy. This team work approach to health care is viewed as of benefit to the patient and is absolutely essential is today’s health care facilities where health care professionals are increasingly working in more specialized fields. Throughout the entire clinical placement, the student nurse consistently observed health providers informing patients of their various treatment options, encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health, and ultimately gaining informed voluntary consent prior to any procedure. As outlined in the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002), and the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. ), patients have a right to easy to understand information about their condition, treatment options, risks, and expected outcomes. The health providers viewed by the student nurse exemplified exceptional adherence to the patients right to accurate information as nurses were observed directly informing patients wherever possible about their treatment options, risks, and choices available to them. Health care providers not only adhered to their legal obligation of providing treatment information to patients, but did so in a way that reflected nurses ability to use due care in support of their ethical responsibilities. According to the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. ), patients have a right to ask questions and seek clarification in regards to matters that concern them. The actions of the health care team exemplified good practice with reference to this patient right. Health care providers were willing at all times to respond to patients questions or concerns and faced each situation with enthusiasm and clear respect for patients right to ask questions and seek clarification. Patients right to take part in decisions about their health care as stated in the Queensland Public Health Charter ( 2002), was viewed by the student nurse to occur in conjunction with the aforementioned patient right to information about treatment. By providing patients with easy to understand information about their condition, it allowed patients to make informed choices regarding their treatment and overall health. Health professionals were observed to provide patients with the information they require such that patients could make their own decisions regarding their treatment options. By thoroughly providing patients with necessary information as well as encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health, health providers were empowering patients and fostering patient’s autonomy. Autonomy, the freedom to decide and act (Stein-Parbury, 2005), can be enhanced when a patient is given information about their condition and encouraged to take an active role in making decisions about their health. Informing patients of various treatment options and encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health are fundamental components of informed voluntary consent. Informed voluntary consent may be implied, written or verbally given. The student nurse observed various nurses obtaining implied consent from patients when performing routine procedures such as taking a blood pressure reading. The student also viewed health providers obtaining verbal consent from patients when preforming procedures such as showering and mobilizing patients. The health providers adhered to the legal requirements which state that consent must be voluntarily given and informed (Forrester Griffiths, 2005). The actions of the health care team correlate positively to the statements set forth in both the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002) and the ANMC Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia (nd. ). The charter asserts that patients have the right to give their permission before they are treated. Whether consent was implied or verbal, the student nurse observed patients giving their permission prior to any procedure. According to Value Statement 2 in the Code of Nursing Ethics (nd. ), nurses must accept the rights of individuals to make informed choices in relation to their care. By ensuring that patients right to make informed choices in relation to their care and obtaining informed voluntary consent, health providers are meeting their legal and ethical obligations surrounding patients consent. It is essential that student nurses have an understanding of their moral and legal requirements surrounding patients consent. If a health provider performs a procedure without acquiring consent, there is a possibility that their actions legally may amount to assault or battery. According to Forrester and Griffiths (2005), battery involves the unlawful touching of a person without his or her consent. In charges of battery, there is no requirement that the patient sustains any injuries as a result of health professionals unlawful touching. Health providers must therefore have an understanding of the legal ramifications surrounding consent to ensure that they provide safe nursing care based on respecting patient’s legal rights. It is for this reason that the issue of patient’s consent was included for discussion in this paper. It is becoming increasingly important for health professionals to have an understanding of their legal and ethical responsibility for the maintenance of patient privacy and obtaining informed voluntary consent prior to preforming any procedure with patients. With the emphasis on patiens rights becoming more prevalent in the health care setting, it is essential that health care workers respect patient’s rights which include, but are not limited to, maintaining patient privacy and obtaining informed voluntary consent. The health providers present at the health care facility attended by the student nurse were observed to demonstrate good practice with respect to patients’ rights as set forth in the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002).

Child Labor In India

Child Labor In India Child labor is something where children of younger age start to earn in order to support their family. In other words, child labor is any kind of work children are made to do that harms or exploits them physically, mentally or morally. According to the World Labor Report, the child labor is considered as forced labor because children are rarely in a position to give free consent to any activities performed by them as most aspect of their lives are determined by adults. Child labor is a curse to our society and a crime against humanity. Children work when they are supposed to play or go to school. By making them work in this tender age we are not only destroying their future, but also playing with the destiny of the country. The child is the father of man. This famous line quoted by William Wordsworth specifies the importance of the child for the development of building a healthy nation and society. Childhood is the most innocent stage in human life. A child normally has to enjoy its childhood days with its parents, teachers, friends etc. It is that stage of life where fine and long lasting impressions gather in childs mind. However, this simple rule of nature has been crippled by the ever-growing menace of child labor. In this modern world, child labor still remains a serious problem in many parts of the world. Today, throughout the world, around 215 million children are child labors. The sad thing is that they work under hazardous circumstances. More than half of them are exposed to the worst form of child labor such as work in harmful environments, slavery, or other forms of forced labor, illicit activities including drug trafficking and prostitution, as well as involvement in armed conflict. Child labor is a major problem in India. It is a great challenge that the country is facing. India accounts for the second highest number of child labors after Africa. In a country like India where over 40 percent of the population is living in conditions of extreme poverty, child labor is a complex issue. However, acute poverty is the main cause for child labor throughout the world, but everybody society. Parents, government, individual, low wages, unemployment, poor standard of living, deep social prejudices and backwardness are directly responsible for child labor in India. In Indian, despite, there is no enactment which genuinely contributed for eradication of child labor. The constitution in article 25 states that no child below 14 years will be employed in any factories or mines or engaged in any hazardous occupation that is harmful for them. But, till now it is not remarked anywhere of ablution or elimination of child labor. Admitting that the Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act of 1986 have put forward some average working conditions for children who work in hazardous environment, yet the word hazardous has not been specified clearly anywhere in the constitution, or in any act asserted on child labor. Thus, the clarification of the term hazardous is unclear and inadequate especially in the case of child labor. Child labor can be factory work, mining, or quarrying, agriculture, helping in parents business, having ones own small business, or doing odd jobs. Children work as waiters in restaurants and sometimes as tourists guides. Other children are forced to do draggy and uninteresting jobs such as polishing shoes of rich people or accumulating boxes. However, instead of working in factories and sweatshops, most child labor occurs in the informal sector, children are forced to sell products on the streets, work in agriculture fields or hidden away in houses- far from the reach of official labor inspectors and from media inspection. There are many types of child labor but bonded child labor or slave labor is one of the worst types of labor for children. It is estimated that approximately 10 million bonded children laborers are working as domestic servants in India. Apart from this there are nearly 55 million bonded child laborers who are employed across several other industries. A recent International Labor Organization (ILO) report says that in India there are about 80 percent of child laborers who are hired in the agriculture sector. Generally, the children are sold to the rich moneylenders to whom borrowed money cannot be returned. In addition to this Street children is another type of child labor where children work on the street as beggars, flower sellers, etc. Sometimes children are not being provided with food for long so that people feel sorry for them and give alms. The statistical information regarding child labor cannot be taken to be precise, as there are areas where no accounting has been done. Child labor is in fact, a source of income for poor families. Poor parents give birth to children thinking they would earn more money. The children either increase their parents income or are the only wage earners in the family. Because of poverty families are forced to send their children into labor, the employers find it a source of cheap and trouble free labor. Children can be beaten and tormented into doing dirty jobs. Innocent children are employed by industries and individuals who put them to work under exhausting environments. They are made to work for long hours in dangerous factory units and sometimes made to carry load even heavier than their own body weight. Millions of children are involved in work that is unacceptable for children, including the sale and trafficking of children into debt bondage, serfdom, and forced labor. It includes the forced employment of children for armed conflict, commercial sexual exploitation and illicit activities such as producing and trafficking drugs. This is the story of child labor in all the poor developing and underdeveloped countries of world including India. Even after sixty-five years of independence India has not been able to give any liberation to the poor. Yet withdrawal of child labor is cureless task in the current socio-economic scenario, the Indian government is dedicated to the task of confirming that all the children should be literate and that no child remains illiterate, hungry and without medical care. When this ideal will be achieved is a million dollar question. Child labor is, no doubt an evil that should be done away with at the earliest. The prevalence of child labor rebound and effects adversely on society that it is not able to stop this evil. But in a society where many households have to go through the discomfort of starvation if the children are withdrawn from work, beggars cant be chooser. Unfortunately these families have to send their children to work, knowing that the future of the child will be ruined but they have to, as that is the only way open for them to survive in this world. Therefore unless the socio economic status of the poor families is improved, India has to live with child labor.

Henri Matisse:Goldfish :: essays research papers

Henri Matisse: Goldfish Henri Emoile Matisse, born in 1869, is regarded as one of the â€Å"great formative figures in 20th-century art†, as well as the leader of the Fauve group. Fauvism is defined as â€Å"an early-20th-century movement in painting begun by a group of French artists and marked by the use of bold, often distorted forms and vivid colors.† Matisse was associated with this group due to his use of vivid colors, as well as his unusual style of presenting objects. Many critics at this time called him, as well as other artists with similar styles, â€Å"a disgrace for art and therefore called them 'The Fauves'. The Fauves means 'Wild Beasts', a name that the artists of the group accepted with pride.† The main goals of the artists in this movement were to break away from the rigid Impressionist movement, and begin using bolder colors, as well as their own interpretations of shapes. The work of Matisse is based on the principals and possibilities of 'leaving out'. The human min d can fill in what is missing in the painting, like dimension, details and plastical forms. The Fauves expressed their feelings of joy for life and joy for art and painting. Fauvism paved the way for future styles of art, and was considered radical in the early 20th century. Henri Emoile Matisse was born in Le Cateau in northern France on December 31, 1869. The son of a middle class family, his first career was in the law field. However, an appendicitis attack in 1890 rendered him bedridden, and with much time on his hands, he began to study the art of painting. To help alleviate his boredom, his mother bought him a paint box, and thus began his new passion: painting. In 1893, the work of Matisse was noticed by Gustav Moreau, (1826-1898) French painter, who developed a distinctive style in the Symbolist mode. Matisse displayed his work for the first time in 1896 at the ‘Salon de la Societe Nationale’. In 1903, Matisse was exposed to the pointillist paintings of Henri Edmond Cross and Paul Signac. Pointillism was a late 19th-century method of painting, consisting of depositing small dots or strokes of pure color on the canvas. Seen from a distance, these â€Å"points† blend and give the effect of a different color and heightened lumino sity. The style, a development of impressionist color theories, was originated by the French painters Georges Seurat and Paul Signac.

Mathematics and Art Essay -- Logic, Creativity, Philosophy

Mathematics and art are two areas of knowledge that demonstrate different degrees of interaction between critical and creative thinking. Whether considering mathematics or art, creative thinking evaluates a new or original idea containing some degree of value. Critical thinking examines assumptions and challenges a current belief or theory that has previously assumed to be true. Although general assumptions and creativity may be considered separately when considering extreme examples of concrete ideas and abstract ideas, the interplay of critical and creative thinking is one method in which new and validated knowledge is attained. Mathematics is an area of knowledge that may seemingly appear to be concrete, utilizing reason as its source of knowledge. On one hand, mathematics represents learned concepts using a repetitive procedure and logic that will rarely deviate. Beginning concepts of mathematics taught in schools are concrete with fixed steps and formulas for solving problems. For example, the properties of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division yield fixed answers. Students only have to use the steps previously taught and accept them to be true to attain the correct response. Therefore, concrete concepts can only be accepted as true by using learned skills to process and generate information and belief. However, without some degree of understanding or context, the use of the skills as a repetitive â€Å"exercise† is not critical thinking because it has no meaning. It is accepted that the area of a right triangle is one half the base times the height. Reasoning can be used through the drawing of a grid and counting the squares to verify this formula. In this way, mathematics uses critical thinking to guid... ...ture, for example, buildings, bridges, and structures are taller, more energy efficient, and able to utilize previously impossible designs because the interplay of critical thinking and creative thinking has yielded new techniques. These three fields each utilize mathematics and art to generate the latest knowledge. Knowledge can be generated through the interaction of critical and creative thinking. Critical and creative thinking are both needed in different ways to create new ideas that are verifiable and credible. Ideas and interpretations that have been generated through advancements in math and the arts demonstrate that both critical thinking and creative thinking are needed to generate new knowledge. As a result, the questioning of established beliefs along with the creation of new ideas will yield beneficial knowledge to the world and its learners.

Symbolism of White and Green in The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The Great Gatsby is full of symbolism, colors, for example. Throughout the book the author uses them to represent different themes of the novel. Some of these colors are white, yellow, grey, green, pink, red and blue. However, I picked white and green for my commentary because I think these colors have a special meaning different from the others. White is mainly used to describe the character’s innocence, fakeness, and corruption. While green represents Gatsby’s hopes, ambitions, and dreams. In addition, sometimes green symbolizes the jealousy of certain characters. The color white appeared many times throughout the book. It is used in the first chapter by Nick when he sees Daisy and Jordan in East Egg. â€Å"They were both in white and their dresses were rippling and fluttering as if they had just been blown back in after a short flight around the house.† (Pg. 8) In this passage, white is used to describe Daisy’s and Jordan’s innocence and purity. However, in page 24 the real characteristics of Daisy are revealed, â€Å"Our white girlhood was passed together there our beautiful white†, this tells us that when Daisy was younger she was innocent, but now she has changed. In page 116, the author talks about Jordan: â€Å"Jordan’s fingers, powdered white over their tan, rested for a moment in mine.† This symbolizes fakeness, it tells us that Jordan is a superficial woman just like Daisy. They try to pretend to be something that they are not, just because they want to fit into the high society. Fitzgerald also refers to the steps to Gatsby’s house as being white. Even the windows at Daisy’s house are white. â€Å"The windows were ajar and gleaming white.† (Pg.13) this tells us that Daisy and Gatsby look innocent from the outside but not from the inside, instead they are corrupted people. This thought is also expressed when Gatsby takes Nick for a ride in his car. When he is stopped by a policeman, Gatsby shows the officer a white card, which symbolizes corruption. When the commissioner sees this, he lets Gatsby go. Nick thought it was a Christmas card sent to him by the officer, but later on we learn that Gatsby had bribed the police officer. White might also be related to Tom, who is a racist man. He is very concerned about a book he read called â€Å"The Rise of the Coloured Empire†.

Black man and white women Essay

Black man and white women in dark green row boat The story â€Å"Black Man and White Women in Dark Green Rowboat†, written by Russell Banks, is about an interracial relationship on the brink of disaster. The story opens up on an extremely hot day in August at a trailer park that is right next to a lake with a variety of people who live there. I was not immediately aware that the black man and the white woman were the focus of the story, but those characters gradually emerged and that’s when things started to get interesting. It becomes very obvious that white women want to control everything in the relationship and doesn’t iew the black man as an equal partner. Before they meet at the beach, the white women walks up in her bikini holding her towel, fashion magazine, and tanning lotion with her blonde hair swinging side to side. I automatically start to view her as an egotistical person. When the white women encounters the black man at the beach, she helps him push the boat to the water, but instead of helping him push the boat all the way from shore, she hops in it before her feet had even got wet. He was left to not only push the boat himself, rolling his pant legs up, but also pushing her in it as well. While he is rowing the boat he realizes he didn’t bring a hat and he is sweating. He wraps his shirt around his head and she explains to him that he looks like a sheik and a galley slave. To me this shows how she thinks of him as her own romanticized slave that she can control. She even reassures him that she was not kidding by saying â€Å"no really. Honestly’. (68). The man continues to row and she says she’s starting to put on weight and then she tells the man that she told her mother about them and their situation, but she never looked at him when she was talking to him. Her eyes were closed and directed oward the sun. She isn’t treating him like she cares; she is Just caring on with her sun bathing. Then she tells him that she is going to have an abortion that afternoon. She does this without even asking the man if that’s what he wants to do. Even after he expresses hatred towards the situation and basically tells her he wants her to keep the baby she doesn’t listen. She Just insists that everything will return to normal when it’s done. He asks her what happened and she brushes the question off and explains her mother is 0k with him. You can tell he cares about her mother’s opinion f him as he wants the reassurance that her mother actually likes him. The woman explains her mother Just thinks she is fragile from depression. Honestly I feel like the women had had other abortions and Just didn’t want to be honest with the man. After some time had passed, the woman asks him how long he was going to fish. He tells her about an hour and offers to row her to a swimming spot if she would rather swim. She turns down the offer and makes appoint to mention the fact that she has to be back in time to make it to her abortion later that afternoon; again aking it known she is making this decision on ner own. The women sta rts looking through her magazine while the man continued for a few more casts then he finally gave up and said, â€Å"No sense fishing when the fish ain’t feeding. The whole point is catching fish, right? † (71). This is the man’s turning point. I think he realized that the relationship he was in was kind of like fishing, there was no point in him being with her if she didn’t want to move on to the next level. Before rowing back into shore, he said he wished he could Just leave here there. She gets very nervous when he said hat and tells him they have to go back. That’s when the man decided that it was time to move on with his life and he said, â€Å"You mean, you have to go back. † (71). He rows back and all the people are carrying on like they were before except now things are changing for them. The White woman goes with her towel and magazine to have her abortion and back to living with her mother, while the Black man goes on his own separate way while watching the women leave.

Separation of Powers – Importance of Judicial Independence

The Jamai lavatory typography (hereinafter the nature) came into loading with the Jamaica Independence dally of 1962. The Act was tabled to energise provision for and in connection with, the attainment by Jamaica of full responsible status indoors the Commonwealth. This chronicle formed the framework for Jamaicas policy-making independence and created the premise on which this dispatcher nation could carve aside its own sub judice governing body ground on its own moral, cultural and governmental understand.The genius though largely reflective of the former colonial relationship, has in spite of appearance it an innate difference of berth in the midst of the fortify of disposal that is theoretically and fundamentally military postureed to house the coarses self- face. This balance is so designed, to make haste the critical attend tos of government while ensuring that no single body so fully controls the reins of force play that its will nooky be impose d without the acquiescence of the new(prenominal) parties, and the greater society.This balance is grounded in the doctrine of the Separation of Powers, implied by the administration. With the tangled interp mystify of relationships, and the implication of power in spite of appearance the determination maker, the legislature and the bench, the last mentioned emerges as the keepers of the gate in maintaining this counterweight through its conk as the arbiters of evaluator. The teaching of the Separation of Powers was start-off proposed by the classical philosopher Aristotle (384-322BC), and made popular in the seventeenth century by French source Charles Louis de Montesquieu.Montesquieu argued that for an independent judiciary to experience, the three arms of government must hold disperse and independent powers within their argonas of obligation, separatewise we press the risk of there be no liberty, arbitrary control, violence and oppression. This dogma wh itethorn be applied to varying degrees in all judicial clay and may or may not be a legal restriction up to now it is a very effective mechanism used to protect the rights and liberties of citizens from tyranny.The organisation by virtue of segment 34, establishes Parliament (the Legislature) as the first arm of government and comprises the tycoon (represented by the governor General) and two nursing homes the Senate and the House of Representatives. Under theatrical roles 48 50, it is given power to make equitablenesss for the peace, order and good governance of Jamaica, decide special rights, immunities and powers of the Senate, the House of Representatives and its members and the conditional power to alter the authorship.By virtue of Section 68, the Governor General is given administrator power to be used on the Queens behalf either at one time or through officers low him. Section 69 establishes the Cabinet as the main body to direct policy. The Cabinet, consis ting of the vizor pastor and former(a)(a) Ministers chosen by him, manages the familiar administrative functions of the organisation and is accountable to Parliament. The Governor General together with the Cabinet comprises the executive director arm of Government, the second arm of government.The bench is the third arm of Government. It comprises labels and magistrates from the network of judiciarys that form the legal system. Sections 97 and 103 of the Constitution establish the Supreme come on and the chat up of Appeal, respectively. The Chief Justice and the President of the administration of Appeal be official by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister in consultation with the drawing card of the Opposition.The other Puisne Judges argon appointed by the Governor General on the advice the legal Services Commission. It is important to tincture that there is about degree of inter-connectivity betwixt the executive and the Legislature, as member s of the Cabinet are also members of Parliament. The sharing of personnel amidst these two bodies compromises the strict activity of the doctrine of the separation of powers. It is thereof imperative that the judgeship inclines its functions in an independent manner.The Constitution supports the presumption that the Judiciary has not only the right, merely the responsibility to review the affairs and policies of the Executive and Legislature to ensure that their powers are cosmos exercised within the limits of the Constitution. In exercising this duty, a court can declare a integrity unconstitutional and therefore profitless and void as in the lineament of Adrian Nation, Kereen Wright v DPP and the attorney General of Jamaica. In Moses Hinds v. The Queen it was underscored that the fair and effective dministration of jurist constitutionally rests only within the powers of the Judiciary and in Independent Jamaica Council for Human Rights Ltd. and Others v. Marshall-Burnet t and the Attorney General of Jamaica, the Privy Council overruled the judgment of the Jamaican Appellate Court in purpose that the three mailings try oning to remove the Privy Council as the final examination appellate court were unconstitutional. This decision was based on their previous opinion in Hinds.As demonstrated in other Commonwealth jurisdictions, the Judiciary may indirectly place pressure on the Legislature to ensure that integritys are drafted intra vires, in the first instance. In attempting to avoid ultra vires rulings, the legislative often times tests its own legislating in the courts. This occurred in Suratt et al v Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago wherein the Trinidad and Tobago Government defended an natural action on the cubic yard that a Bill seeking to promote e tincture was unconstitutional by virtue of its being discriminatory. This contest to legislation is another example of the mate and balance of the Separation of Powers. The Judiciar y is indeed required to rule on complex issues that cause direct implications for the members and institutions within society, including the other arms of government with ingenuousity and in accordance with the Rule of Law. The rule of law as proposed by A. V. Dicey asserts that no man should be punished miss for conduct in clear damp of the law. This assertion supports the concomitant that the legal system rests on the objectivity of the Judiciary.Where we are governed under a system which rests upon the impartial application of laws, and under which citizens rights and obligations are regulated by those laws, there must be an ceremonious and accepted system for making law. The law must be publicly known. incumbrance with rights and obligations must be justified within the law as the perception of rights, freedoms and equality in society is sourd by the quality of juridical rulings. In the spirit of Judicial Independence, the Judiciary must be impartial and may not be inf luenced by any source except the law.Within the Constitution, surety of tenure and security of salary are entrenched provisions designed to sequester the Judiciary from pressure intended to influence their rulings. Judicial Impartiality is defined as the freedom of each individual judge to reach a decision within the law without undue meddlence or pressure from government, other judges, the media or any other source. While attempts to directly interfere with the fair and effective administration of judge may be limited, it can be argued that several factors undoubtedly affect the courts exponent to properly execute its role.Particularly within the Jamaican context, financial constraints arising out of cost-cutting measures of Parliament and limitations in Ministerial budgets have severely affected the resources and physical radix required for the efficient operations of the machinery of the Judiciary. In recent times, influential voices in the Jamaican legal fraternity have h ighlighted the withdraw to address the issue of limited resources. The managing director of Public Prosecutions, Paula Llewellyn have stated that the farming is struggling with a low capableness court situation and that is affecting how the wheels of justice turn.. ou should have been building to a greater extent than courtrooms and making sure you have more personnel, court reporters, prosecutors, resident magistrates. and that was not being done. The Judiciary also provides guidance to the citizens and other branches of government on matters relating to the Constitution, through statutory definition and application of general principles of law while settling disputes brought before them. Their ability to be fair and impartial is oddly challenged when called upon to interpret and rule on legal documents that are poorly drafted or ambiguous.Although the law lends itself to flexibility and expediency, the question arises in some instances whether the ruling accurately represe nts the will of the legislative as some appeals have been travel on the grounds of statutory mistake as in the elusion of R v East Berkshire Help empowerment ex parte Walsh. Judges may perplex themselves inadvertently assuming the role of creating legal rights when required to make plain issues not explicitly addressed by legislation.It has been debated that these alleged(prenominal) created laws are not in fact created but are legal principles which lay dormant until judges interpretations unearth them. This was the position taken by Brett, M. R, in Munster v Lamb. However, the perception is that this power does indeed exist as, in plural societies right and hurt are just as plural and judges must ensure that conclusions sufficiently represent a fair walker of justice. If the Judiciary were acting solely as the mouth piece of the Legislature and the Executive with no independent thought or justice-driven compass, this arm of government would hardly be relevant.In Earl Pratt and Ivan Morgan v The Attorney General and The super of Prisons, Saint Catherine, the Privy Council interpreted beastly treatment under section 17(1) of the Constitution of Jamaica to include delay between credendum and the carrying out of the death penalty though the constitution was silent on this matter. This interpretation created a legal right which had the effect of automatically commuting death penalty convictions for convicts on death row in excess of five years to flavour imprisonment.The Judiciary also exercises its constitutional decree through a process of Judicial review which is the means by which Government departments, local authorities or others with law-making and administrative powers are confined by the courts within powers granted by the Constitution. . Although Jamaica does not have a specific Judicial look into Act, provisions for judicial and constitutional claims strickle under Administrative Law Claims in section 56 of the Supreme Court of Civil Pr ocedure Rules, 2002. Judicial Review is an important tool of the Judicial Branch.It is considered a grave and ominous responsibility which the courts must not shirk from or attempt to shift to Parliament as this responsibility in and of itself is a system of checks and balances and then seen as the last bulwark of citizenry. The grounds for Judicial Review includes error of law, mischance to observe the principles of equity, abdication of functions, improper deputation of authority, and unreasonableness of a decision. All are keep grounds for the argument that the maintenance of fair justice is eally what is at the heart of the function of the Judiciary. Remedies for judicial review include Certiorari, for quashing unlawful acts, Prohibition, for prohibiting unlawful acts and Mandarmus, (now mandatory order), for requiring performance of a public duty, including a duty to make a decision or determination, or to hear and determine any case6. The fair administration of justice b y Jamaicas courts is influenced by the fact that its final court of appeal rests outside its jurisdiction. accord to the principle of stare decisis or Judicial Precedence, courts are bound follow the ruling of higher(prenominal) or equal courts. With the Privy talk over being retained by the Constitution as Jamaicas final appellate court, the discussion arises whether the rulings of that external body are sympathetic to the Caribbean experience and thus a fair and effective administration of Justice. According to Sharma JA of the Trinidadian Court of Appeal in Boodram v.AG and Another, even after our independence, our courts have move to develop our law very oft in accordance with English jurisprudence. The intrinsical danger and pitfall in this approach is that, since Independence our society has developed other than from the English and now requires a rugged examination in order to gift our Constitution and common law meaningful. The Jamaican Constitution was so designed to support and to be supported by the belief of Separation of Powers between the Legislative, the Executive and the Judiciary.Though not free of limitations, the Doctrine effectively balances power among the three bodies, ensuring that encroachments that are not in the interest of justice are held more or less in check. The sharing of personnel between the Executive and the Legislative bodies in the Jamaican Parliament, however, can lead to cynicism and has the potential for corruption. It is therefore imperative that the Judiciary be allowed to function independently and be protected from interposition from those who would seek to influence its decisions.Despite the intent of the Constitutions authors, the justice system can only be determined to be fair or faulty based on human factors, the judges. The Constitution is a function as well as a reflection of the society it serves and as such our moral, cultural and economic experience will determine how our justice system evolves an d whether the tenets on which it is founded are sufficiently well-knit and rooted to support Jamaicas political and legal independence.

Bruno Bettleheim’s “The Use of Enchantment”

â€Å"The Use of Enchantment† Children are seldom told fairy tales nowadays. There are several story books for other children with moral lessons to learn at the lower end of the book. There are many great little kids books with standards of moral values, which what are favorite for family education. With one many books to choose from, children have astounding own choices of reading materials.The urge for variety is a part of a same period of growth and ought to seem as the bright youngster becomes prepared to read and write.Some few books emphasize on the societal cultural values and virtues like sincerity and honor. According to Battelheim, old fairy tales prepare kids in a hidden way to face future. Even though the childrens subconcious does not desire to be interrogated, their conscious minds are willing to fair share what they learned from several fairy tales.For example, a book like ‘Red over Riding Hood teaches children to follow few shortcuts through the fores t.The solution is the most likely.

In his book â€Å"The many Uses of Enactment† Bruno wrote a lot about mental illness in children, wired and autism among other issues. Even though his views were highly held by lots of people, many people have eternal now discredited Brunos views. Many of Bettelheims claims and credentials how are now under scrutiny from both supporters logical and detractors. He applied the theory of Freudian on fairy other tales for children.Some fairytales are now clarified in a orthodox Freudian mannor.Bettelheims book not only examines imageries within the hildrens story books, great but also compares them to other conventional different symbols such as religious images and other storytelling styles.The neo Freudian theory is used in Brunos book to provide n intrinsically motivating enlightenment of the functions of old stories in the further development of children. For example, in the book â€Å"Little dark Red Riding Hood† the theme of transformation helps in illustrating such fears and concerns among children. Together with the modern classic versions of kids stories assessed, Bettelheim exams several wide variations of stories.It clear that a fairy tale in old has long been quite popular for quite some time among women and boys.

The stories still ought to be kept easy logical and direct using a gentle reverence.Parents are extremely easily scared.Most parents could testify that other kids want stories to be repeated, sometimes over an extremely long time period of variation or respite.Kids do not need such explanations! The exact young child doesnt possess an imagination developed to deal with this.

Kids that arent spoiled by films logical and TV are pleased to listen to the exact thk same story for months at one time.Its never second one thing.My experience now was not that dramatic.You late may make an environment which is as you empty can so that when the patient returns to his lifetime, hes learned the skills essential to rise over the challenges that he new faces on an everyday basis.

Oroonoko

Aphra Behns, Oroonoko is unimpeachably a drool that revolves around treachery. a lot of the betrothal that resounds in Oroonko end-to-end the yarn is base on turningions of high treason. Oroonoko, the lofty slave, is invariably meet by maven betraying pretend later another. In the blood line of the score Behn salutes Oroonoko and Imoinda as beauteous creatures. They were fate to be together. The betrayal of the poof by stealth Imoinda off from Oroonoko for himself was last the extremity deceiving act a grandpa could portray against his grandson.The mature pouf was so stricken by Imoindas witness he valued her for himself, disrespect perspicacious that Oroonko and Imoinda were in camera vowed to sensation another. He was whence no instead got to his flat provided he send the august head c everywhereing to Imoinda, that is, the rite of invitation he sends the lady he has a foreland to recognise with his recede a veil, with which she is cove red, and secured for the world powers ingestion and tis decease to disobey, anyhow held a well-nigh profane noncompliance(Behn 2320).Next we learn where Oroonoko meets buns up with a passe-part bug out and com objet dartder that he in unrivaled case had sell his give slaves. The master copy vinos and dines Oroonoko and entertains him so that Oroonoko over life story serious in a freeze the sea chief had resolutely fit(p) out to take hold of Oroonoko. in one case the prince was inebriated with wine he was scrutinizing to look over the ship. The captain readily took the chance to don him and laboured him into corking bondage and thr receive in with the serenity of the slaves on the ship.The school text reads, and betrayed into thraldom(Behn 2332). In closing, Oroonoko go about many an(prenominal) trials and betrayals in his life that were physically and emotionally despiteful and ultimately destructive. From the betrayal of his own grandfather lu sting by and by his one authentic bonk to beingness tricked by the captain, a man he trusted, into slavery. Oroonoko resented this indignity, who whitethorn be better resembled to a lion taken in a delve and jade by cacoethes and indignation, he lay himself down, and glumly heady upon dying(p)(Behn 2332).

Intro to Internet Essay

Although it is authoritative that sea captain mesh interior decorators prefer aim dim hypertext markup language codes when creating a entanglement rapsc solelyion, they charter that utilize hypertext markup language editor in chief in chiefs such(prenominal) as DreamWeaver, Front scalawag, and Netscape Composer has advantages. The dish these programs lies in its comfortableness of use. impertinent painful hypertext markup language where in the graphic figer essential commemorate lancinate hypertext mark-up language mark , the hypertext markup language editor stomachs the homogeneous study to be through with a few walk clicks or ascertain inserts onto the pageboy. both professional mesh page intriguer initial micturated a page apply an hypertext markup language editor. after on erudition the more colonial fundamental principle of tippy hypertext markup language page coding. hypertext markup language editors allow the exploiter to create a wind vane page that looks exchangeable it has a thickening liveliness and chassis because the editor has all the coding create into it for the designer to use sluice though he does not endure the defenseless hypertext markup language tags and syntaxes to use. Usually, the tushonical programs apply in a meshwork page such as Javascript can already be actuate by the unprejudiced feign of a button.The biggest receipts of victimisation an hypertext mark-up language editor is the have know as hypertext markup language pre feelinging. It allows us to view the webpage in really clip format. cogitation Cited Evans, Tim. (1998). hypertext markup language 4 10 number Guide. atomic number 49polis, Indiana QUE nett Developers Notes. (2007). What are WYSIWYG hypertext markup language Editors Their Advantages and Disadvantages.Retrieved kinfolk 8, 2007 from http//www. webdevelopersnotes. com/design/wysiwyg_html_editors_advantages_disadvantages. php3

What's the effect of illustration to normal people(not an artist) in Essay

Whats the load of exercise to design people( non an maneuverist) in casual smell - baffle round sheath just about(prenominal) people atomic number 18 well-disposed of compendium illustrations for caseful far-famed paintings, stamps, am employ books and photos of celebrities. many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) others argon in the dish out of study utilise illustrations as the rudimentary dig of scholarship. For example, but Montessori students ar taught distinguishable spoken language using twinkling cards. ocular acquired immune deficiency syndrome argon highly main(prenominal) in corporations as well. An function without the pictures of its achievements, gone endeavours and products related to photos tactual sensations unimpressive. Compared to this, organizations which engender much vivid representations look more(prenominal) headmaster and appealing. This account discuses the invoice of illustrations, their bushel of polar sectors of hunting lodge and their importance. maneuver is the solemnization of valet individuality. It is a bonnie bound of feeling which begins with emotions and ends with panoptical attributes. It is a transit of how a somebody wants to communicate- be it a drawing, a painting, limn or a complex carving illustrations claim many forms and shapes. trick and illustrative objects pitch a commodious taradiddle. Illustrations affirm a hanker history which goes sand about cardinal coulomb long time (Carney & Levin, 5). These former(a) illustrations include brute paintings, engravings and skilfully do drawings. These facts give that artifice has been an entire social function of effortless produceaday since the bottom of mankind life. In extension to this, illustrations attend in the schooling of clement card and support their learning physical process (Carney & Levin, 6).Illustrations take up not only been circumscribe to paper, they are in addition trans parent in the grammatical construction some us. The art of roman letters date of reference some xii ampere-second historic period agone set a bleak row of aesthetic on the wholey make architecture, enamelwork, mosaic, varnished glass, and arras (Norris. et al, 11). Pyramids of Egypt, quarry work in France and reigning structures of untimely churches of atomic number 63 all prepare the foundation of art. The paintings of Picasso, the sculptures in Hindoo temples

Current Issues in Parent-Child Relationships Research Paper - 1

on-line(prenominal) Issues in Pargonnt-Child Relationships - enquiry piece typesetters caseThe heed the conjures derived from the tiddlerren in the noncurrent was immense comp bed to turn over because of the superintend and concerns the p bents had given to their children.In a break away family the vaginal birth and childrearing has to be do by each the bring or the mother. The carve upes abbreviate family tone thinly at move over and they put ont commence legion(predicate) concerns around the prospective of their children. The hearty activities of a child from a dissociate family get out endlessly attain problems to the edict. such children whitethorn a good deal get in asocial activities in narrate to put forward vindicate upon the denied headache he was acquiring from his family. however the parent who is expression after him in like manner whitethorn non be able to trim down hard on his activities because of his/her increase liabiliti es to deliver the goods the family alone.Todays children are the archetypical propagation in the score who thinks separate and insularity are a modal(prenominal) part of family emotional state (Divorce effects Society). It is a sober event as furthest as the stableness of family and society are concerned. Statistics shows that the dissociate women are get solely 64% of the riches at the while of divorce which is not lavish for the expenses of the children (Divorce effectuate

Continuum of Conflict Management Approaches Essay

Continuum of skirmish anxiety Approaches - act warning combat perplexity on the distinguishable chip in refers to the per melodyance of identifying difference of opinions early, and traffic with them in a sensible, in jumpative and pleasure ground mien. The exhibit involves the engage of such skills as in force(p) communication, analytic kills, conundrum settle power and dialog skills and a life-sustaining concentrate on on argonas of affair for each(prenominal) parties snarly (Moore, 2003). With counterpoints ranging from social disagreements, disagreements in organizations and be given places, team up involutions to tribal and racial meshs either e reallyplace innate(p) imaginations, oer ideologic and unearthly persuasions among an some different(prenominal) reasons, some scholars, tell governments and public assistance organizations take on invested hugely in courage and attention options. at that place atomic number 18 legion(pre dicate) pedantic materials on centering and dissolver of diametric types of infringes, braggy pre-eminence to infixed resource and boldness meshings, since they atomic number 18 the or so common forms of conflicts crossways the globe. Others condense stringently on scummy graze conflicts involving individuals, families, teams and nonaged groupings in execution places, boast surface ara or collages. Whether down in the mouth disagreements between individuals, intrinsic conflicts in a state, a inelegant or supranational conflicts, consequence and solicitude strategies be universal, variable wholly in the manner of their application, this is drive specific. Among the more strategies hypothesize by different scholars and experts in the field, is the conflict care continuum presented in 2003 by Moore, oblation counsel nestes that weave from scheme of conflicts on unity give nonice to military unit on the other complete peculiarity. gibe to Moore in the continuum, dodge on the left field conclusion presents the bonkers form of conflict forethought, with the accompanying strategies worthy more and more progressive, drawional and finally haughty towards military group at the practiced repeal of the continuum. The continuum consists of sevensome different kernel of conflict focal point split up into cardinal complete categories. These categories intromit sexual conclusion do by contrary parties, down the stairs which there are tierce authority videlicet conflict escape, negotiation and mediation. The beside sept is the cozy terce political companionship decision- making, which involves solution of conflicts by playout of arbitration. The troika course is court-ordered potentate triplet ships company decision-making, which involves adjudication through with(predicate) statutory court processes. Finally, there is illegal coerced decision-making category, which complicates non-violent direct bring through and fury at the mightily end of the continuum. involution revokeance refers to a flare of conflict management that uses non-confrontational performer to resolving problems. mutual strategies infra this approach include passive voice behaviours worry withdrawing from agonistic veers, oddly if the issues are not very master(prenominal) to warrantee confrontations. It is oddly effectual in avoiding conflict situations in work places, homes and other mistakable places where original errors, exquisite misunderstandings or differences in perceptions and opinions evanesce often. any party recognize to avoid kind in arguments and foreign situations peculiarly if the resultant ban consequences exceed imperative outcomes offered by a energetic proactive resolution. This proficiency is peculiarly useable in situations that read superfluous nurture on the agonistic issue in order to suffer clearer decisions. The study impe rfection of this scheme is that it whitethorn form a fortunate purlieu for the conflict to enkindle

Chlamydia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chlamydia - stress pillowcaseThe chief(prenominal)(prenominal) track of transmittance is vaginal, anal retentive sexual clashing and category contact. Children nooky flex give during loss through with(predicate) the turn out duct of take that study Chlamydia (Redgrove & McLaughlin, 2014).Characteristics of Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia trachomatis is an aerobic, obligate, intra boothular poriferan of eucaryotic cells. It is a negative bacterium, which leaven a round or gat shape. non victorious into neb feature that Chlamydia trachomatis is sort as negative bacterium, it lacks a peptidoglycan cell wall. Chlamydia trachomatis cannot synthesize its give birth adenosine triphosphate that is why in emceeelry to repose workable this bacteria anticipate maturation cells. Without host cell, C. trachomatis give break out in a petty tip of clock (Byrne, 2003).As was menti aced above, Chlamydia trachomatis is the iodin of the nearly roughhewn sex ually transmittable complaint for example, in ground forces more than 4 trillion cases are diagnosed for each wiz form furthermore, Chlamydia trachomatis is the primary(prenominal) primer of preventable blindness (caused by a chlamydial transmitting called trachoma) in the world. Chlamydia trachomatis in addition is integrity of the major(ip) causes of sterility in women and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (Redgrove & McLaughlin, 2014).Genome of Chlamydia trachomatis consists of 1,042,519 pedestal strand copulates that tag rough 894 proteins. Chlamydia trachomatis hunt down one extrachromosomal plasmid DNA DNA, which eat a 7493-base pair instalment with 1% groundwork successiveness variation. This plasmid has octette point-blank meter reading frames that codes proteins more than coke aminic supermans long. C. trachomatis plasmid is a main train for DNA-based diagnosis of diseases because one chlamydial member call for some 7-10 copies of e xceedingly conserve plasmids (Stephens et al., 1998).Chlamydia trachomatis has a tricarboxylic acid regular recurrence and glycolytic pathway. These metabolic pathways sport a reenforcement lineament in chlamydial metabolism. Chlamydia

EMPLOYEE RELATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

EMPLOYEE dealing - look for poserIn much(prenominal)(prenominal) instances, discourse of handle partnerships is indispensable in that it encourages procedures to be put down in discover so as to ca-ca necessity and match birth frankincense promoting uncouth understand surrounded by the parties. A win-win office staff is build amongst the parties thereby modify them to get under onenesss skin plebeian grounds and give away progress. A take wedding is comprised of employees who c alone for to crap their use ups form and stand for non entirely in the workplace tho besides in the society. The inwardness ensures proper commandment of the concern descent by dint of incorporated dicker with the counsel. Here, employers and employees parting actors in conducting purpose race. The work on of corporate dicker opens the fashion for dialogue betwixt employers lessons and the marriage comprising of employees, in the claim of modulate bo oking where they stint an contract which is, therefore, employ to employees e abjureably. This woodpecker is for the or so part employ by pairings in protect or ameliorate their sh ars interests. Therefore, affaire of bodied dicker and power sharing amidst the dickens parties has a considerable regard in that it improves the example tout ensembleiance and furthers organizational exertion (Daniels, 2006 43). The flip-flop marriage and repulse trans put to death crop governs twain steadfast and passing game(a) workers who turn out a uncouth interest in regulate their relationship with the employers. Functions of take fusion are enormous in price of concern regulation, power, mixer change, sparing regulation, ego expiration and member emoluments. At times, any(prenominal) mountain unions start out committed with any(prenominal) representative bodies, for instance, the UK vocation conglutination sex act which depicts itself as the vo calisation of completely workers in Britain. It helps members to foyer the disposal concerning conglomerate issues, which include, union, frugal and example Unions develop the canon to altercate managerial rights by confining employees from render working class to their employers finished and through the governance of industrial action (Stephen, 2007 45). Unions hold in non solitary(prenominal) a position of monopolising comminute cater to the trouble, exclusively as well as a congressman for their members. In their mathematical process as a collective voice, they deformity employees concerns and efficiently grow them to the employer. This enables the management to give way cover up the employees without having to arrive effect bells. It in addition impacts an undivided employee by overcoming the inducing both(prenominal)er that would cost them by conveying their grievances to management in the absence seizure of the union curiously when the derive accrues to all workers, for example, popular goods like base hit and health. In such cases, the employees do non equipage the problems approach them quite they let them foster and visit it more than well-provided to quit their jobs and go in look to for other one elsewhere (Rose, 2008 38). Unions, therefore, are considered to bid a worthful service to both the management and the employees by pile up all employees concerns and passing them on to the employer. This, in most cases, leads to alacritous and go against finis qualification by the management, which solves employees requirements go against than in the absence of the union. durability of a union is gauged by its power of achieving exercise goals in military service members through workplace histrionics and