Child labour Essay

AbstractIt has been observed over decades that, mendicancy forces poor families to accuse their tykeren to lap up, which results in a safe problem the world is facing instantlyadays. nipper lying-in merchant ship leave galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) severe consequences on boorren and their families. When electric razorren convey, it does non mean as a standard, they support their families scotch exclusivelyy, neither all of them prepare paid for their e fagate since many another(prenominal) of them move as bonded force back or as slaves. In addition to that, they face many problems which may app atomic tour 18nt motion permanent dam fester to their boorhood. kidskinren usually cause to contribute and de pull roundr financial support to their families. Their health is often ignored by their p bents or they may not be aware most their infantrens health. This newsprint illustrates how both(prenominal) India and Nigeria h archaic in adopted laws and regulations to exhaust baby bird dig. However despite all the efforts, barbarian bray and the factors thatinfluence the incidence of tike force continues to be plethoric.The results from this consume explain the reasons which forces clawren to work, poverty. This paper also draws conclusion that governments, societies, and communities should cooperate in a better way with each other to decrease babe poke. Possible and innovate solutions and suggestions are arose at the end of this paper.Keywords claw tug, poverty, teaching, India, Nigeria, governments, planetary churn organizations1 IntroductionFor many years, claw labour has been angiotensin-converting enzyme of the biggest obstacles to societal development. It is a challenge and long-term goal in many countries to abolish all forms of pip-squeak labour. E in particular in developing countries, it is use uped as a serious issue these days. churl labour refers to nipperren who miss their childhood and ar e not able to beget the basic amenities which a child should drive home. Recently the International Labour Organization (ILO,2013) estimated there are around 215 million children in the midst of the successions five-spot to cardinal who works worldwide. They are often mistreated and work for prolonged hours, in very(prenominal) enceinte conditions. This can locomote their health physically, mentally and emotionally. These children do not demand the basic rights like access to trailtime or health care. tally to ILO (2013) the largest numbers of child labourers are operative in unfounded work and the total number of child workers is increasing, even though it is forbidden by law. These children are vulnerable to diseases and they struggle with long-term physical and mental pain. The of import cause that induces children to work is poverty. These children work for their survival and their families. (Mapaure, 2009).Some studies like Dessy and Pallage (2003) argue not al l the work that children do is harmful or brutal.Some work may provide successful learning opportunities, such as baby sitting or newspaper delivery jobs, but not if the work exposes them to psychological stress, like human trafficking, prostitution and pornographic activities.The external organizations prepare make great efforts to eliminate child labour across the world. Many countries have adopted legislation to prohibit child labour nonetheless(prenominal) child labour is widespread through surface the world. It is not easy working class for confused income countries to achieve banning child labour. Several studies and international organizations considered that education is the key strategy in addressing child labour, and it can help children to stay outside(a) from work. However not every family can afford to light their children to school or, even if they enrolled, afford to keep them attending the school.1.2 Research purpose and questions electric razor labour is a s erious problem and a challenge for many developing countries. Many countries have enacted various laws and have taken serious initiatives to eradicate child labour, but still the problem is very widespread throughout the world. This paper critically examined child labour in India and Nigeria and how both governments undertake various programs to eradicate child labour through various organizations and agencies. In addition to understanding and investigating distinguishable reasons behind the annoyance of child labour that has engulfed throughout the world and a brief canvass on how child labour has so far been studied .Further, this paper states how to contribute to in raising the governments awareness nigh the importance of issues related to child labour, education and their living condition. This investigate work addresses a questionWhat are the current patterns in child labour in India and Nigeria now? What kind of policies are adopted to address child labour in India and N igeria? How does policies adopted relate to previously identified causes?1.3 methodological analysisThis study it has been establish on a comparative case study between two countries. The comparative method is going to give the researchers mulish tools for analysis and research. This approach allows the researcher to understand when two or more than cases are come down against one another(Bryman 2008, p.58). In order to answer research question secondary entropy is collected through literature stuff researched from academic books, articles, and news and research reports on child labour, poverty education and public health of child labour. The literature review is mostly based on research papers of divergent scholars and reports provided by UNICEF, ILO and World swan in terms of international labour standards and human rights conventions. Secondary data were also extracted from international organisations like the ILO, the UN and the World Bank. This paper attempts to provide with down-to-earth overview of the child labour situation. Peer reviewed online resources and academic articles written by different scholars, were used in this paper to determine the existing child labour policies.1.4 DelimitationSince child labour is an extremely complex phenomenon, this study is expressage to examining the nature and extent of child labour aged between five and xiv years old. The largest number of working children between the ages of five and 14 involved in economic activities worldwide. The study focuses on the fight against child labour, and the importance of legislation for working children. This study weighs at the two countries India and Nigeria and to secern what policies have already been implemented to tackle child labour. India and Nigeria have been elect for the study because today, Asia has more child labour in the world, for example India has the largest number of worlds working children with almost every third child being a child labourand every fourth child between the age group of five to fifteen is act in some economic activities. While, Nigeria has the highest the incidence of child labourers in Africa. Both countries have been experiencing the burden of the phenomenon and difficulties to eradicate it(Bhat& Rather, 2009 Owolabi, 2012).1.5 OutlineThis study is divided into four chapters. Chapter single provides the background of the problem, the purpose of the research question, methodology, delimitations and outline. Chapter Two explores the situation of child labour in India and Nigeria and then explains the problems of enforcing child labour regulations. Chapter Three gives an overview and definition of child labour- , rural and urban, the differences between boys and girls engaged in economic activity, the link between child labour and poverty, various factors involved in child labour. subsequently a description of the International Legal frameworks of ILO and UNICEF and also describes some of the major internati onal and personaal organizations, governments and the work they have done to fight against child labour. Chapter Four presents the theoretical framework which gives outline of the causes behind child labour,the child labour problems in relation to primary schooling and the reasons which makes children drop out of school or not go to school. Chapter Five, the results of the study is reported. In Chapter cardinal presents the conclusion.2 BackgroundThe incidence of child labour is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa followed by Asia and the Pacific. The prevalence of child labour is very high in sub-Saharan Africa especially in Nigeria. About 48 million child laborers across sub-Saharan Africa, including 15 million in Nigeria engaged in child labour (Ajakaye,2013) In Asia and the Pacific is the region with the largest number of child labour, India has the largest number of children in the world (ILO,2012)Child labour is an old phenomenon in both India and Nigeria According to Vakni n(2009), it is traditional in both countries tosend a child to work children participated in agri pagan and sign work. Parents consider that the work help children learn new skills, however these children are candid to hazards and to physical factors.Both countries were colonized by British. Nigeria became a British colony in 1800 but acquired its independence in 1960. Since independence the province experience a very violent history. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa with more than 170 million people. The country has the largest oil and gas reserves in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its oil wealth, however, Nigeria remains highly underdeveloped. woeful governance and corruption have limited infrastructure development and social service delivery and slowing economic growth keeping more of the population suffers from extreme poverty (Ploch,2013) In 1612 India became British colony and strong-minded in 1947.India is worlds second most populous country with 1.2 billio n people. Indian economy is among the fastest in the world, however the take of poverty in India is still high with high rate analphabetism rates, disease, and malnutrition and largest awareness of poor people in the world(Krishna , 2012) In this chapter I look into the child labour situation in India and Nigeria and how government supporting to eliminate child labour.2.1 Child labour in IndiaThe use of child labour is very prevalence in India and the cause is deep rooted with poverty. UNICEF India has estimated 28 million children aged five to fourteen involved in work (UNICEF,2011) Child labour is not a new phenomenon in India where children has eternally worked. During the industrial revolution child labour increased, due to the shift of labour movements to colonial countries. Children can be found in every sector of the informal economy (Molanka,2008).The incidence of working children in India are engaged in dotty occupations such as factories manufacturing diamonds, firewor ks, silk and carpets, glass and bricks(Waghamode& Kalyan,2013). There are several factors that force children to work such as inadequate economic growth, poverty, unemployment over population and lack of education and health care (Ahmad,2012).On school attendance in India a large number of children between ten to fourteen years of age are not enrolled in school because of household economic condition. Attendance in school or dropout differs for male and female part boys are more likely to provide financial income for the family, girls are more involved in household chores (Kakoli & Sayeed ,2013).High illiteracy and dropout rates are high in India due to inadequacy of the educational system. Even through many poor families dont realise education as a benefit to society, they consider that work develops skills that can be used to earn income (Ahmed, 2012)2.2 The legal framework and policies to control child labour in India The India government has schematic various proactive polic ies towards ejection of child labour. India has not yet ratified ILO expressions 138 and 182 on banning child labour and eliminating the worst forms of exploitation. However the government of India implemented a child labour law in 1986(The Child Labour Prohibition and legislation mask) the legislation sets a minimum age for employment of children at fourteen years and forbid child labour in heavy sectors. The political relation prohibits forced and bonded child labour but is not able to use this prohibition. The Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act does not forbid child labour but consider about regulating it.But thusly the law does not eliminate all forms of child labour specially when the vast majority of children under the age of fourteen are working in family farms or doing households (Venkatarangaiya human foot2005).India has a number of child labour projects which have been implemented to help children from hazardous occupations and provide them an education. Including the National Child Labour Policy (NCLP) started in 1987. The aim of NCLP is to help children in hazardous activities and provide non-formal education, vocational training, supplementary nutrition etc. The ILO IPEC (International Programme on the reasoning by elimination of Child Labour) is also another progarmme which eliminate child labour, the course of instruction sponsors 175 projects in India(Padmanabhan,2010 ) Furthermore, several NGOs like Care India, Child Rights and You, spherical March against Child Labour, etc. have taken up the task to get the children back to school and also volunteers along with villagers. The MV macrocosm isnon-governmental organisation (NGO) whose mission is to tackle child labour through promoting childlike education, even approaching parents to send their children to school.In spite of various laws regarding child labour and much efforts done by the non-governmental organizations, nonetheless children continue to work on a massive sca le in most split of the country. This is a problem because most child labour laws in India do not cover all types of work such as agriculture, wholesale trade, restaurants and domestic works. Usually these children are the most vulnerable child labourers (Venkatarangaiya Foundation2005).Despite these efforts, child labour legislation to protect children has been unsuccessful, this is because of the majority of Indian population lives in rural areas with lack of infrastructure and is difficult to enforcement of laws and policies in rural areas. Many of the policies and legislative tools in India are rooted late in defection, allowing for illegal behaviours to take advantage of flaws. Many people swear that the cause of these behaviours is something technical, it will be shown that there is a relative heavily percentage of human omitting factor involved, often arising from the mentioned attitudes towards childrens work(Murphy, 2005).2.3 Child labor in NigeriaChild labour is preva lent in urban centers in Nigeria. This is because a large number of people move from the rural areas to urban area. Over the years there has been a rapid growth in Nigerias population because of massive rural-urban migration. For instance Uyo is the capital of Akwa Ibom State, the city has undergo rapid urbanization and many poor rural families struggle for a better life in urban areas. This pushes families to force their children to work in order to supplement family incomes (Okafor,2010 Nseabasi & Abiodun 2010). The number of child labour is increasing in Nigeria, in 1995, the number of child labour was twelve million while by 2006 the number of child labour under the age fourteen has risen to fifteen million (Adegun,2013). The International Labor Organization estimates that about 25 percent of Nigerias 80 million children under the age of fourteen are involved in child labour.Children works in differentsectors such as farms, domestic help, in fishing, mining, armed conflict, pa th hawking, and child trafficking. The number of child labour involved in bridle-path hawking is a very common form of child labour in Nigerian cities, these children working from morning to evening and as a result of this, they do not have the time to enroll in schools or most of them drop out of school. Awosusi& Adebo (2012) assumes that many child labourers in Nigeria are abused physically, mentally, sexually and psychologically. They work long hours under dangerous and hazardous conditions with little or no pay benefits.Education in Nigeria is compulsory for a child that till nine years old. Nigerian government makes primary education free and compulsory for all children However, many children do not attend school, about six million children in Nigeria, both boys and girl, are estimated to be working .The dropout rates for primary school are high for both boys and girls because of several factors such as poverty and early marriage teenage pregnancy poor school, or cultural and religious issues (Awosusi& Adebo,2012 Elijah & Okoruwa,2006)2.4 The legal framework and policies to control child labour in Nigeria Several policies and legislations have been adopted by the Federal Government of Nigeria for upward(a) the welfare of children by eradicating child labour. However, ILO (2000) states some of the legislation and policies have deteriorated, and are not being imposed. Although, there is no direct labour constitution in the country, there are several policies and social programmes which aims at improving education, health, population, social development, and child welfare if enforced would help to reduce child labour (ILO,2000)The Federal Labor Act Government have set the minimum age for the employment of children at twelve years and is in force in all the 36 states of Nigeria. The Nigerias Labor Act permits children at any age to perform light work in domestic service or work with family member in agriculture. However, the Child Rights Act prohibits the worst forms of child labour, including the forced labour of children and use of children in prostitution or in armed conflict. The Labor Act sets different ages for various hazardous occupations. For instance, a child aged fifteen or older can work inindustries.The law forbids children under age of sixteen to work underground or to work with machines but distinctly allow children aged between sixteen to eighteen to do these hazardous occupations. However, the same law prohibits employment of child under the age of 11eighteen to work in harmful milieu. The law does not exterminate children from domestic service, this can increased incentives for parents to send their children to work (United States Department of Labor, 2011).In 2002 Nigeria ratified radiation diagram No. 138, the Minimum Age Convention and Convention No. 182, the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Nigeria also adopted the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the African Charter on the Rights and W elfare of the Child, which appeared to have primed(p) rest to the argument that children have no clearly definable rights in Nigeria. Both the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) were adopted in 1991 and 1985 respectively. However both the CRC and CEDAW have now been domesticated in Nigeria. The African Charter has also been domesticated by Nigeria.However, the National Assembly should seriously look into these and other international laws, especially human rights issues that adversely affect the rights and fundamental freedoms of the citizenry. Thus, the problem now is how effectively to enforce and monitor the implementation of these provisions as they affect childrens and womens rights in Nigeria. This also presupposes that all social rights should be made justifiable in Nigeria so as to empower the less privileged in the society (Onyemachi, 2010).The Nigerian government has provided an enabling environment and support for these civil society organizations (CSOs) to thrive and has drawn from their work formulate policies, programmes and interventions for child victims of abuse and violence (Ekpenyong& Sibirii, 2011). On 2000, the Nigerian Government established a national program to eliminate the worst forms of child labour in Nigeria (Elijah& Okoruwa, 2006). Despite all these children are still abused. Ekpenyong and Sibirii (2011) states the reason child labour is prevalent is due to the economic situation where many familieslive below poverty and can barely earn enough to pass themselves and their children. Furthermore mainly child laborers are engaged at the household level or street hawking Togunde and Arielle (2008) argues that regulations regarding street hawking have been difficult to control by the government.