Yum! Brands Food

Yum Brands FoodYum Brandsthe States is non what it once was. Gone are the measure of spending hours sitting on the front porch plot grandma snapped a pound of green beans for dinner. Instead, those times have been replaced with speeding through a drive-thru window to grab a quick bite to eat. Foods that were once referred to as slow-cooked, wholesome, and hearty, are now being described by words such(prenominal) as, fast, convenient, and fatty. We now live in an evolving world, where a single moment of salvage time is branded as wasted time for progress. The fast-food indus demonstrate has emerged some immediately.Yum Brands, Inc., was reported as the largest fast-food company in 2004 (Krug (2004) pg. 627). This company is made up of many household brands such as KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, tenacious John Silvers, and AW restaurants. In the fast-food industry, they are the market leader in the chicken, pizza, mexi cease, and seafood segments (Krug, 2004). Yum Brands destination is to be the market leader in the unify States, and also adjoin market share in juicy growth areas around the world. whizz strategy that Yum Brands implemented to increase market share in the unify States was to combine two of the companys franchises into one location to attract a giganticer node base. This has brought tremendous success to the company. Yum Brands has since shifted its focus to an transnational strategy to expand on their current market share.The rise of the fast-food industry is not confined to the unite States alone. The world as we experience it has evolved into a fast-paced no look zone. Although establish on a plains culture, the dining practices of the worlds countries are quite different. both(prenominal) countries remain steadfast to their culture and have been reluctant to pressure the fast-food concept. This presents the strategic issue. How mess Yum Brands continue to expand on their international strategy while sustaining their leadership and competitive advantage in the United States and other countries? We in allow for now address this issue by applying an analysis that result help oneself Yum Brands decide which countries need to be assessd and when to expand their company into naked markets.In establish for Yum Brands to venture outside of the United States, they must start-off evaluate the markets in which they are planning to enter. This type of analysis requires a standard that evaluates the economic conditions, political stability, heathenish differences, resources, society conditions, and supporting industries associated within a given market. Michael Porter of Harvard University leave offd that there are four broad attributes of nations that individually, and as a system, constitute what is termed the diamond of national advantage (Dess, Lumpkin, Eisner 2007 pg. 240). We bequeath find this analysis to be the almost beneficial to Yum Brands. In this analysis, we go forth be analyzing what iss ues Yum Brands should address before entering a market. These issues are compute conditions, get hold of conditions, related and supporting industries, and buckram strategy, structure, and competitor.We begin the analysis with component part conditions. These conditions reflect individually nations factors of production and should be industry and firm specific. Yum Brands should be looking at what each country possesses, as far as firm-specific acquaintance and skills created within the country that are rare, valuable, difficult to imitate, and rapidly and expeditiously deployed. If these factors do not survive in a country, then Yum Brands bequeath need to consider whether the firm can create these factors using their accept intellectual assets. One factor advantage for expanding into the Latin American markets, for instance, is that the be associated with labor and salaries result be significantly less than in the United States. This is collectable to inflation rate, economies of scale, and unemployment rates. Yum Brands has been successful in other markets because almost all of their franchises outside of the United States are locally owned and operated. This reduces the language barriers and allows a heathen perspective that might otherwise be a major concern. By allowing local business people to own the franchise, Yum Brands gains intellectual knowledge on the countrys culture and consumer demands in a given market.Analyzing demand conditions is definitive because without knowing what the customers wants and needs are, we cannot efficiently serve the market. In the United States, we know that the demand for fast-food is high, based on our life expression and growing macrocosm trends. Although in Latin America, this whitethorn not be the case, due to consumer consciousness and cultural differences. Yum Brands will need to rely on economic and trend analysts to telephone the cultural and societal trends of that market. Among the things an alyzed should be the ethnic and immigration trends of that country. In the United States, we have seen a growth in ethnic food, due to the recent growth in immigration. Another thing to consider when analyzing demand conditions is the level of income individuals are receiving. A rise in income stimulates growth in the dine-in restaurant segment as consumers receive higher disposable incomes (Krug, 2004). Yum Brands may need to expand and improve on existing products in order to sustain competitive advantage.Related and Supporting Industries deal with countries managing inputs more efficiently. pen up working relationships with providers is a key factor in gaining competitive advantage. In the United States, we have seen that distribution of products is highly correlated with production. Distribution among states within the country is non problematic, based on the free trade barriers that exist between them. This is also true of distribution to Canada and Mexico, due to the northw esterly American Free Trade Agreement that enabled free trade and tariffs between North American countries. Also, the geographic proximity of Latin America to the United States gives the firm an advantage towards supplier power. Yum Brands will need to assess the supplier power, as sanitary as other related relationships relevant to success, in each market before entering. Also, it is important for Yum Brands to research trade laws and regulations between their rest home market and potential foreign markets.Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry is perhaps the most important segment in analyzing a foreign market. Rivalry is in particular intense in nations with conditions of strong consumer demand, strong supplier bases, and high new entrant potential from related industries (Dess, Lumpkin, Eisner 2007 pg. 243). In the fast-food segment, we have seen that home(prenominal) rivalry is very high within the United States. Although, based on cultural differences in Latin America, the demand is low, because most Latin Americans have not yet acquired a taste for American food. Instead, Latin Americans continue to embrace dining at home. Economics are another factor reflecting domestic rivalry. As we have already discussed, the pay rate in Latin American countries is significantly humble than in the United States. This results in lower consumer demand which reduces the competitive environment in Latin America. How a country is run can also influence domestic rivalry and strategy. With populations on the rise around the world, as well as in Latin America, a trend may soon be emerging that will shift all dining practices to a more American style of eating.As long as Yum Brands continues to innovate and make transports in its internecine framework, they should be able to achieve their international strategic goals. It is imperative that Yum Brands does not venture into foreign markets without first analyzing the market in which they are entering. Also, if they try to expand too rapidly, they may experience limited resources and cash flow. Yum Brands will want to expand into areas with high economic growth potential, as well as, regions with rising population and political stability. Firms that succeed in global markets had first succeeded in intense competition in their home markets. We can conclude that competitive advantage for global firms typically grows out of relentless, continuing improvement, innovation, and change (Dess, Lumpkin, Eisner 2007 pg. 243). Based on the history of Yum Brands success in the United States, we can assume that the company is a prime candidate to venture into international markets.Works CitedKrug, Jeffrey A. (2004). Yum Brands, Pizza Hut, and KFC. Appalachian StateUniversity, 627-638.Dess, G. Gregory, Lumpkin, G.T, Eisner, B. Eisner (2007). Strategic Management 3e.Mcgraw-Hill. diamond of National AdvantageDomestic Rivalryhigh in the U.S.based on cultural trendseconomicslow in Latin Americafast-food versus di ning at homeFactor Conditions Demand Conditionsrequires high population low in Latin Americamodern technology high in U.S.communication systems dining practiceslanguage barriers immigration trendstariffs and trade regulations consumer awarenesslegal system growth in suburban areasbanking system unemployment rateslabor costsRelated and Supporting Industriesclose proximity to the suppliersupplier bases must be prevalent in an industrycan a supplier base be createdtrade barrierscan alike(p) suppliers be substituted

How Is Slaughterhouse 5 Anti War English Literature Essay

How Is S caperterhouse 5 Anti War position Literature EssayThis essay explores and analyses how Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse 5 is an anti-war novel. There be various instances throughout the novel which demonstrate that the rootage was trying to correct the notion of war. Vonnegut was inspired via his energize a go at its during the war, the protagonist of the novel, billy goat Pilgrim, enunciatees Vonneguts perspective regarding the horrors of war. The main indications in the novel which denoted anti-war were Vonneguts unique literature techniques, humanism and author positioning. Throughout this essay, I will examine how Vonnegut effectively deploys his techniques in the novel and convinces readers.The incorporation of acquaintance fiction with the Tralfamadorians by Vonnegut operates as a further method to express his tonusings against warfargon. It was described in the novel that the Tralfamadorians are capable of observing a fourth dimension. Due to this special abili ty, they hold a completely diametric mentality in comparison to mankind. The Tralfamadorians say how only on primer is there talk of free will (Slaughterhouse 5 pg.133). This represents the view of Vonnegut that humans beliefs of free will are causing the war. Hence the Tralfamadorians belief of fatalismaims to shrive the irrationality of war by criticizing humans thoughtless decisions on initiating wars. (Cacicedo 2005) The Tralfamadorians in addition stated that there will al commissions be war on earth since humans are designed that way.This statement was intended by Vonnegut to dishonor war and label it in a interdict way. In addition, the existence of the Tralfamadorians in this novel is another way Vonnegut thinks about the war. The hallucinations Billy experiences after the war tells the readers how his life has changed, and also shows how he is trying to deplete his horrific memory of the war by escaping his reality and embracing the Tralfamadorian domain of a functi on and their philosophy on life. Therefore Vonnegut is deploying authorial voice technique to threaten his views on philosophy towards the readers, this was achieved by contrasting the concepts of philosophy between humans and Tralfamadorians.The fire bombing of Dresden in Germ both was an extremely influential event for Vonnegut. As Vonnegut recalls the incident in Dresden, he relates the event in a way that allows the reader to engage in his personal perspective of the incident. He encounters the Dresden experience with condolence and sadness rather than aggression, pain and resentfulness. Billy observes the sadistic and stiffness of the world when city of Dresden gets bombed. He feels the awkward misery over the charge due to his situation of macrocosm ambushed by his allies and he experiences and sees the slimy of his enemies. In this way, Vonnegut draws attention of the reader to the underlying theme of a mans force of violence and cruelty. Billy also described aftermath of the attack by saying Once a beautiful city looking resembling the surface of the moon. Therefore by utilizing the voice of Billy, Vonnegut is trying to persuade the readers that any sort of massacre, even those of our enemies, should not to be considered with satisfaction or delectation as we all are humans to be valued.another(prenominal) understanding how this book promotes anti-war cigarette be noticed by the title, Childrens crusade. This title represents the soldiers in the warfare, as children thus implying that they are nave and innocent. Another reason wherefore Vonnegut portrayed the soldiers as children is to emphasize the fact that the wars are fought by the children, who are incapable of comprehending the cause of the war. Therefore Vonnegut attempts to convey his message that these children soldiers are being exploited by sadistic leaders. Vonnegut has chosen the word children as children have no duty in war thus the war should not be occurring. This also leads the reader to be sympathetic of the soldiers they are render without any independent thought and do not have the motive to take other piles lives. Vonnegut is also trying to cast a negative light upon the instigators of war with this title. and then the overall message of Slaughterhouse 5 is that war is not heroic or glorious and that government propaganda tries to craft people from the ugly truth of warfare. It can then be seen with these elements that Vonnegut is endorsing a negative perspective towards war.The literary technique of caustic remark is also engaged to further uphold the anti-war theme by making light of a horrific scenes and misery from war. This use of black humor makes Vonneguts audience laugh conflictingly at instances of death and destruction which then leaves a hearty impact upon the reader. Vonnegut does this to effectively convey his anti-war survey by manipulating his audience to feel guilty and ashamed. Another aim for this technique is to allow t he readers to deeply smoothen on the negative side of war. The main example of irony use in this novel by Vonnegut is would be the ending of the novel, when the bird says poo as well weet to Billy after there is a lengthy passage particularization a pile of rotting bodies. This signifies that the war is nonsensical and unnecessary salutary like what the bird has said to Billy. A further example of irony used in the novel is the highly unlikely instance where the adept infantry scouts are killed, however Billy and Ronald who are not trained, survive. Thus this is a technique creates a guilty conscience for the readers because war is inappropriate subject to be laughed at. This exploitation of the readers consciences towards the issue of war relates back to the anti-war sentiment that is evident throughout the novel.Lastly, a prayer in the novel which goes as followsG-d grant meThe serenity to acceptThe things I cannot change,CourageTo change the things I can,And wisdom alwaysTo te ll the difference. (Slaughterhouse 5, pg. 137)This prayer by Vonnegut epitomizes his message and get hold of towards the readers. Vonnegut is trying to tell the readers that some parts of life are fatal and must be acknowledged, but there are numerous aspects in life which must be changed. Vonnegut argues that we must utilize our beyond abilities in order to learn and change. Thus the destiny of future can be adjusted by our act.The novel Slaughterhouse 5 was produced by Vonnegut to part his negative reflection towards war in order to persuade the readers. Another purpose of this novel is to prevent the occurrence of wars to come in the future. Vonnegut has achieved this by employing various methods in his writing, such as literature techniques, humanism and author positioning. The Vonneguts aim in creating this novel was to share his emotional experiences and to allow people to understand the grief he attained from war. This was accomplished by disclosure the misery side of the war and proposing his philosophy. In conclusion, Vonneguts Slaughterhouse 5 can be perceived in numerous ways. It can be acknowledge as science fiction novel, semi-autobiographical novel and unquestionably as an anti war book. Vonnegut successfully conveys his thoughts and message to the readers by effectively deploying his techniques to convince the readers.

EU Competition Law and Economics

EU opposition rightfulness and EconomicsDiscuss the use of solid ground cadaverous from sparings in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice, which relate to the description of phrases hundred and one and 102 of the Treaty on the public presentation of the European joint. Examine, in exceptional the role such call play in the legal argument.This look for leave behind examine the scotch theories, both from a classical buck of view and neo-classical to de stipulationine the netherpinnings of dis hurtleation police of nature. Through the works of Adam metalworker regarding monopolies in the Wealth of Nations1 and John Stuart Mill through his theories on restraints of deal out in On liberty2 this will demonstrate some economic objectives in pursuing fair plays regarding rival law. This will be supplanted with the neo-classical theories that pee given more reasons through economic legal injury for laws regarding challenger. This will provide a funda mentals for an analysis of clauses 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European sum total (TFEU), which afford been far-famed as the two principal expressions dealing with competition law in the European Union (EU).3 The fundamental reason for having competition law in the EU is to allow for a flourishing large-minded market and to ensure that corporate enterprises do non affirm unjustified influence or authorization in the market or even off through political influence.4 This analysis of articles 101 and 102 of the TFEU through the slipperinesss that have pose through the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) will be looked at through the prism of the economic theories that have been outlined. By flavor at it through that prism, it will allow for a determination in monetary value of whether the role of the economic terms argon brought into the legal arguments. It has been suggested that the lawyers and the economics atomic number 18 co-pilo ts of the competition law aeroplane5 and this essay will determine whether that is squ atomic number 18(a) by looking at the economic theories and the typefaces through the EU framework on competition law.Economic Theory and contestation fair play prior(prenominal) to delving into how competition law has adopted economic terms and theories, it is imperative to hear how economics operates vis--vis competition law. The classical economic theories, as renowned by John Stuart Mill state that it is through competition that the political economic system rump have a scientific basis through which wages, riptide and bells squeeze out be regulated. Whilst Mill does not provide a exposition on what he meant by competition his theory on what laws skirt competition could achieve were indicative. Smith took this further in Wealth of Nations when he stated it is the right of alwaysy man to enter into competition with both other man insofar as it does not violate the laws of arbitr ator and the idea of competition was to ensure that those in business bought dearer and sold for cheaper instead than having a monopoly with the opposite occurring. This theory was noted as a asseveration of ameliorate competition. This demonstrates the classical theories that exist only when as time as gone on thither have been neo-classical theories that give more delineate responses.In terms of the neo-classical theories, the USA has enamourmingly stated that competition law should be interpreted solely through what the theories in economics place6 however, this is questioned in the EU structures. The competing views in the EU look at the efficiencies as well as other concerns such as the environment and the feeling on employment.7 In terms of taking into storey the outcome of having perfect competition, it has been stated that allocative and juicy capacity is achieved which leads to the maximisation of social welfare.8 In terms of allocative efficacy this is an econo mic term that means the resources will be allocated to divers(prenominal) goods and services but will be divided insofar as it remains privately profit fitted to do so.9 The second is that of productive efficiency which means that goods and services in society will be produced at the lowest bell.10 In this regard, competition is seen as beneficial for the productive efficiency because if monopolies exist accordingly it is likely that they will be high cost producers and they can pass that on to the consumer.11 A third efficiency has been put forward that explains the need for competition, that macrocosmness dynamical efficiency which cannot be accurately proved12 but states that competition allows for products to be developed and created to gain the custom of consumers. This theory, in all but name, had been put forward by Smith when he stated that competition allows for new improvements of art13 showing that this efficiency has long been mouth of. This has been questioned as monopolies have the money to carry out research14 and where there are monopolies others will try to intervene to get their custom.15 On this basis, how the EU and CJEU have dealt with situations where monopolies arise must be examined to determine whether the economic terms have led to the finis that has been made.Article 101 TFEUIn terms of Article 101 of the TFEU, this is designed to ensure that restrictive practices are deemed incompatible with the greenness market. The restrictions that are placed on undertakings, which cover all entities that are bear on in business,16 have been seen to be circumvented for a number of reasons. In the case of Wouters Others v Algemene Raad van de Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten17it was held that despite a restriction on the legal profession, it was pursuing a legitimize objective in ensuring decorous legal practice and therefore was allowed. It has been noted that this idea of a legitimate objective will stay in spite of appearance the c ompetition law of the EU,18 however, it is what constitutes a legitimate objective that can have implications for economic terms being used in the CJEU. In terms of a finding a legitimate objective, it has been noted that it is not necessary to look at the economic and non-economic objectives as they often go hand in hand.19 In cases involving master copy services such as Wouters and other cases such as Asnef Equifax20it was noted that the CJEU took into account the issue of information asymmetry whereby despite the fact that there is a restriction on competition which could increase the cost the consumer, the timbre will go up which is especially prevalent in original services.21 These decisions tend to go against the productive efficiency in that the cost will go up by allowing increased restriction on flip-flop in professional services, however, the allocative efficiency would be seen to improve as the type given to the consumer improves. This demonstrates that Article 101 o f the TFEU has interpreted the economic viewpoint into account in ensuring that the Treaty does not act rigidly vis--vis competition law.The chemical machine of Article 101 has not only followed the economic arguments and this is seen with cases involving still riders. This was seen in the case of Consten and Grundig v cathexis22which involved Consten who was to be the exclusive distributor in France of Grundig electrical goods with the effect that free riders, who would wait for Consten to promote the goods before then exchange the Grundig electrical goods at a lower price than Consten.23 The free rider economic system has been allowed in the United States of America in the case of Continental TV v GTE Sylvania24 on the basis that it was economically sound. However, this was rejected in Consten on the basis that the fundamental objective of the EU plan is to have greater integration within the whiz market and not just to increase consumer protection and welfare.25 Indeed, in the more modern case this viewpoint was reaffirmed in the case of GlaxoSmithKline v Commission26where the guidance from the EU was considered and it was noted that companies are not allowed to establish private barriers within the single market of the EU.27 These decisions from the CJEU demonstrate that whilst the economic considerations have to be taken into account, they are secondary to the fundamental aim of the EU project to have ever at hand(predicate) Union28 and to ensure that there are no private barriers within the single market. To compare this to the co-pilot analogy at the beginning of this essay, these decisions would suggest that the constitution makers of the EU are the pilots and the lawyer and economist are mere passengers.It must be noted that Article 101 has a defensive measure mechanism at 101(3) which is primarily based on the economic considerations that have been outlined. This defense mechanism is for a defendant to prove but all agreements made are el igible to qualify under Article 101(3) if the requirements are met.29 The requirements state that good and economic progress must be improved which links with the dynamic efficiency theory of competition law economics.30 The other requirements involve not eliminating competition on the market as well as ensuring that consumers find out a fair share of the benefits from the agreement. This ties in with Smiths theory on monopolies and upward(a) the market through competition laws as well as the allocative and productive efficiencies noted in the more neo-classical theories regarding economics and competition law. Indeed, this defence under Article 101(3) has been given a wide description as seen in CECED31where the economic efficiencies were central to the judgment in declaring that the environmental benefits had to be looked at in terms of their effect on the consumer.32 As this defence is couched in terms that are readily identifiable with the economic theories, it demonstrates that the economic terms have a huge role in competition law within the EU.Article 102 TFEUIn terms of Article 102 of the TFEU, its whole basis is in economic terms as it is designed to stop strength and abuse. The use of the term dominance in economics is deemed to be wider than that of a monopoly33 and is a position of economic expertness that prevents effective competition being maintained.34 This type of dominance goes beyond just a single entity and the CJEU can look at more than one economic enterprise to see whether there is dominance, with what is known as collective dominance.35 In this regard, the economic term of collective dominance and dominance generally was indicative in the case of Italian Flat Case to show that there was a disrespect of Article 102.36 The second economic term alongside dominance in Article 102 is that of abuse, which is where a dominant entity can use its economic strength to obtain more benefits that it would have if it was a smaller entity.37 Th e use of economic terms in Article 102 cases can be seen when abuse is discussed. Article 102 makes reference to unfair prices but the CJEU has looked beyond this to see situations where there has been rapacious pricing38 and excessive pricing that look at economic terms in terms of how undertakings with great economic strength may attempt to price their competitors out of the market.39 This tends to demonstrate that there are some economic terms that are used not only in Article 102 itself but also by the CJEU in its interpretation of the Article. However, this view has not been completely replicated across the spectrum.The use of the economic terms in invoking Article 102 has been seen as haphazard40 and this can be seen through the cases where there has been some reliance on economic terms such as predacious pricing noted above but there are others where it has been based more on the legal concepts such as where there is commission attached for selling a certain brand.41 In this regard, when Article 102 is looked at solely it can be seen that it is couched in economic terms such as dominance and others have come in through cases such as predatory pricing but when it is compared to its counterpart, Article 101, the effect of economics on its interpretation has not been as widespread.42 Accordingly, when it comes to the aeroplane analogy with Article 102 it is very more than that the lawyer takes the chief pilots role whereas the economist operates as a co-pilot that attempts to blow up any legal arguments that have been made.ConclusionThis essay has examined EU Competition rightfulness to determine whether the role of economics or law is normal in its application. The economic theories, both classical and neo-classical, demonstrate that the basis for competition law is allowing a free market to ensure that the consumers are able to receive products at a low price and other individuals are able to compete with the larger firms. In relation to Article 101 it can be seen through the use of legitimate aim and the defence given in Article 101(3) that the economic terms have a great role to play in how the case would be dogged by the CJEU. However, as noted with the free rider cases such as Consten it is readily identifiable that the economics will only be taken into account after the fundamental aim of the EU, that being ever closer Union, is dealt with. This shows that the economic terms as well as the legal terms are very much secondary to the fundamental aims of the EU project. When the constitution issue is put to one side, it can be seen that the economic terms and the legal terms in deciding a competition law case under Article 101 are co-pilots ensuring that the correct decision is made. In terms of Article 102, the use of economics has not been as prevalent as with Article 101 but this is largely payable to the fact that there is a lack of a general theme. perhaps as the law develops vis--vis Article 102, the economic terms will have a greater role to play.BibliographyLegislationTreaty on the Functioning of the European UnionCasesAkzo Chemie BV v Commission 1991 ECR I-3395Asnef Equifax Servicios de Informacion sobre Solvencia y Credito SL v Asociacion de Usuarios de Servicios Bancarios 2006 ECR I-11125British Airways Plc v Commission 2007 ECR I-2331CECED 2000 OJ L187/47Consten and Grundig v Commission 1966 ECR 299Continental TV v GTE Sylvania (1977) 433 US 36GlaxoSmithKline v Commission 2009 ECR I-9291Klaus Hofner Fritz Esler v Macrotron GmbH 1991 ECR I-1979Matra Hachette v Commission 1994 ECR II-595PPG Vernante Pennitalia Spa v Commission 1992 ECR II-1403United Brands Company v Commission 1978 ECR 207Wouters Others v Algemene Raad van de Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten 2002 ECR I-1577BooksAkman P, The Concept of shout in EU Competition Law Law and Economic Approaches (Bloomsbury 2015)Bork RH, The Antitrust riddle (The cede Press, 1978)Chalmers D, Davies G Monti G, European Union Law (2nd edn, CUP 2010)Jacobs K (ed), Effective Standardization Management in Corporate Settings (IGI Global, 2010)Galbraith, American capitalist economy The Concept of Countervailing Power (Houghton Mifflin, 1952)Huerta de Soto J, The Theory of changing Efficiency (Routledge 2009)Jones A Sufrin B, EU Competition Law Text, Cases and Materials (6th edn, OUP 2016)Kaczorowska A, European Union Law (Routledge 2008)Kaczorowska-Ireland A, Competition Law in the CARICOM Single Market and frugality (Routledge 2012)Mill JS, On Liberty (Vail-Ballou Press, 2003)Scherer Ross, industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance (3rd edn, Houghton Mifflin, 1990)Schulze R, An Introduction to European Law (2nd edn, CUP 2015)Schumpter, Capitalism, socialist economy and Democracy (Taylor Francis, 1976)Smith A, An Enquiry into the constitution and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Penguin, 1999)Whish R Bailey D, Competition Law (8th edn, OUP 2015)ArticlesApostolakis I, E-Commerce and Free rider Considerations Under Article 101 TFEU (2016) ECLR 114Ibanez Colomo P, Market Failures, Transaction Costs and Article 101(1) TFEU Case Law (2012) 37(5) ELR 541Janssen C Kloosterhuis E, The Wouters Case Law, Special for a distinguishable Reason? (2016) ECLR 335Lianos I, In Memoriam Keck The Reformation of the EU Law on the Free Movement of Goods (2015) EL Rev 225Nowag J, Wouters, When the Condemned Live Longer A gloss on OTOC and CNG (2014) 36 ECLR 39ODonoghue R, be Legitimate Competition How to mop up Pricing Abuses under Article 83 EC (2002) 26 Fordham Intl LJ 83Posner RA, The Social Costs of Monopoly and order (1975) 83 JPE 807Ratliff J, Major Events and Policy Issues in EC Competition Law, 2001 Part 1 (2002) ICCLR 6Stigler G, Perfect Competition, historically Contemplated (1957) 65(1) J Pol Eco 1Temple Lang J, Some Aspects of Abuse of a Dominant Position in EC Antitrust Law (1979) 3 Fordham Intl LF 1Tsoulfidis L, Classical vs Neoclassical Conceptions of Competition (2011) MPRA 1Vickers J, Concepts of Competition (1995) 47 Oxford Economic Papers 1MiscellaneousCommission, Notice Guidelines on good Restraints (2010) OJ C130/1de la Mano M, For the Customers Sake The Competitive effects of Efficiencies in European Merger Control (Enterprise Paper No 11, 2002)1 A Smith, An Enquiry into the character and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Penguin, 1999).2 JS Mill, On Liberty (Vail-Ballou Press, 2003).3 D Chalmers, G Davies G Monti, European Union Law (2nd edn, CUP 2010) p. 962.4 RA Posner, The Social Costs of Monopoly and Regulation (1975) 83 JPE 807.5 R Whish D Bailey, Competition Law (8th edn, OUP 2015) p. 2.6 RH Bork, The Antitrust paradox (The Free Press, 1978).7 I Lianos, In Memoriam Keck The Reformation of the EU Law on the Free Movement of Goods (2015) EL Rev 225, 244.8 Scherer Ross, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance (3rd edn, Houghton Mifflin, 1990) Ch. 1.9 R Whish D Bailey, Competition Law (8th edn, OUP 2015) p. 5.10 M de la Mano, For the Cu stomers Sake The Competitive Effects of Efficiencies in European Merger Control (Enterprise Paper No 11, 2002) p. 8.11 J Vickers, Concepts of Competition (1995) 47 Oxford Economic Papers 1.12 J Huerta de Soto, The Theory of Dynamic Efficiency (Routledge 2009) p. 1-2.13 Smith (n 1) p. 706.14 Galbraith, American Capitalism The Concept of Countervailing Power (Houghton Mifflin, 1952).15 Schumpter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (Taylor Francis, 1976).16 A Jones B Sufrin, EU Competition Law Text, Cases and Materials (6th edn, OUP 2016) p. 116.17 2002 ECR I-1577.18 J Nowag, Wouters, When the Condemned Live Longer A Comment on OTOC and CNG (2014) 36 ECLR 39.19 P Ibanez Colomo, Market Failures, Transaction Costs and Article 101(1) TFEU Case Law (2012) 37(5) ELR 541, 560.20 Asnef Equifax Servicios de Informacion sobre Solvencia y Credito SL v Asociacion de Usuarios de Servicios Bancarios 2006 ECR I-11125.21 C Janssen E Kloosterhuis, The Wouters Case Law, Special for a contrasting R eason? (2016) ECLR 335, 337.22 1966 ECR 299.23 Chalmers (n 3) p. 979.24 (1977) 433 US 36.25 I Apostolakis, E-Commerce and Free Rider Considerations Under Article 101 TFEU (2016) ECLR 114, 116.26 2009 ECR I-9291.27 Commission, Notice Guidelines on Vertical Restraints (2010) OJ C130/1.28 A Kaczorowska, European Union Law (Routledge 2008) p. 86.29 Matra Hachette v Commission 1994 ECR II-595.30 R Schulze, An Introduction to European Law (2nd edn, CUP 2015) p. 318.31 2000 OJ L187/47.32 J Ratliff, Major Events and Policy Issues in EC Competition Law, 2001 Part 1 (2002) ICCLR 6.33 Klaus Hofner Fritz Esler v Macrotron GmbH 1991 ECR I-1979.34 United Brands Company v Commission 1978 ECR 207, para. 65.35 A Kaczorowska-Ireland, Competition Law in the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (Routledge 2012) p. 170.36 PPG Vernante Pennitalia Spa v Commission 1992 ECR II-1403.37 J Temple Lang, Some Aspects of Abuse of a Dominant Position in EC Antitrust Law (1979) 3 Fordham Intl LF 1, 9.38 Akzo Chemie BV v Commission 1991 ECR I-3395.39 P Akman, The Concept of Abuse in EU Competition Law Law and Economic Approaches (Bloomsbury 2015) p. 188.40 R ODonoghue, Defining Legitimate Competition How to Clarify Pricing Abuses under Article 83 EC (2002) 26 Fordham Intl LJ 83.41 British Airways Plc v Commission 2007 ECR I-2331.42 Chalmers (n 3) p.1007.

The Purpose of Feathers in Non Avian Dinosaurs

The Purpose of Feathers in Non Avian DinosaursThere is a signifi jackpott proboscis of evidence within the scientific community everyplace the past fifteen years to suggest-contrary to depictions in blockbuster movies and mass media-that dinosaurs, both(prenominal) avian and nonavian, had square ups of approximately sort. Recent spectacular disc overies pee suggested that modern twenty-four hours birds are descendents of dinosaurs, suggestions of the origin of such feathers, and the discovery of various types of filamentous fibers and feathers that were public in various species of both avian and nonavian dinosaurs by means of expose their history. Paradoxically, there is no abundance of research and hypotheses regarding the function these feathers and filamentous fibers had for nonavian bird-footed dinosaur dinosaurs throughout history. This write up will be exploring-using existing research-that gap of knowledge and seeking to brand an informed guesswork regarding the bearing of feathers in theropod dinosaurs. More specifically, I will search the role latitudes played on the carriage of feathers in these creatures.Before one can talk at length round feathers, we must define what feathers are and more specifically, what we define as feathers in relation to dinosaurs. In their paper titled, The Early Evolution of Feathers Fossil show From cretaceous Amber of France, by Vincent Perrichot et al, they define feathers on dinosaurs as, complex integumentary structures of a common chord-level branched structure composed of a rachis (primary shaft), barbs (secondary branches) and barbules (tertiary branches) (Vincent Perrichot et al. 1). Paleontologists chthonicwrite finding filamentous fibers as head as true feathers on various species of dinosaurs from various epochs. In a recent try make by Xing Xu et al, An Integrative Approach to Understanding Bird Origins, Xu cites, numerous specimens of al about theropod groups and even three ornithisc hian groups preserving feathers return been recovered from the Jurassic and Cretaceous beds of northeastern China and from the Jurassic and Cretaceous beds of Germany, Russia, and Canada. (Xu et al 6). correspond to Prado et. al., in their study, New Occurrences of Fossilized Feathers Systematics and Taphonomy of the Santana fundamental law of the Araripe Basin (Cretaceous), NE, Brazil, Feathers are the most complex integuments of vertebrates, due to their variety of forms and roles. This structure is responsible for the thermoregulation, display, protection against radiation, toxicity, delicacy and even to produce sound (Prado et al 1). Experts have even comprise feathers in the form of bristle scales an intermediary character between scales and feathers, placodes, follicles, scales prone to the epidermis of the fossil, and in many another(prenominal)wise forms on all types of dinosaurs.With an correspondence of how scientists today define feathers and where they have bee n found on dinosaurs, we can come to explore what the existing hypotheses are regarding their purpose when found on nonavian dinosaurs. Christopher Dimond et al, in a study exploring the visual cues behind reconciling feathers in nonavian dinosaurs states, The three predominant hypotheses are 1) f clean-living, 2) thermoregulation, and 3) visual display (Dimond et al 1). Additionally, Dimonds study cites other sources that hypothesize feathers could have been used for, insulation, water repellency, courtship, camouflage and defense (Prum and Brush, 2003), agnate care and brooding (Clarke and Middleton, 2006 Grellet-Tinner, 2006), shielding nests (Turner et al., 2007), flight or lift plot of land running (Dial et al., 2006), and male-to-male competition (Cowen and Lipps, 1982). (Dimond et al 1). While all these hypotheses have been soundly researched and written about, I hypothesize that the major determining factor regarding the presence or absence of feathers in nonavian dino saurs throughout history is the latitude in which the dinosaur lived. Nonavian theropod dinosaurs are known to have lived from the Late Triassic through the end of the Cretaceous. In A Review of Mesozoic Climates, Anthony Hallam definitively states, there is consuming evidence, based on the distribution of distinctive sediments and fossils and oxygen isotope data, that the climate of the Mesozoic world was appreciably more equable than that of today (Hallam 1).With Hallams findings in mind, it can be assumed that even in the tropical hot country world many scientists have described, nonavian dinosaurs might have needed feathers for colder nights and periods of shabbiness for insulation. Smaller species, that would require insulation for survival are an obvious hypothesis as to the types of fossils found, but in other study done by Xing Xu et al, they postulate that Yutyrannus huali a new gigantic basal tyrannosauroid bears long filamentous feathers, thence providing direct evid ence for the presence of vastly feathered gigantic dinosaurs and religious offering new insights into early feather evolution (Xu et al. 1). Found in China, Y hualis yearlong filamentous feathers could have been an adaptation to a much colder purlieu than the rest of the planet. Xu further explains, Most gigantic Late Cretaceous tyrannosauroids, by contrast, lived in a warm climate that was contributing(prenominal) to the loss of an extensive insulative feathery covering, although populations inhabiting cold env conjurements such as the land that is now Alaska would have been a notable exception (Xu et al. 1). Xus findings concur our previous misconceptions that dinosaurs didnt have feathers or filamentous structures. Why, for so long did we believe this to not be so?Until the first dinosaur fossil with a feather like structure attached was discovered in Brazil almost thirty years ago, humans and popular culture portrayed dinosaurs as reptilian. Leathery skin, sometimes scaly , sometimes not, Dinosaurs appearance has varied little over the course of human study until the very recent future. The reason for this disparity in scientific describe was due to how difficult it is to find a fossil that preserves both the bone as well as the filamentous integument attached. The soil conditions upon oddment have to have been just right in order for deliverance of this type to occur. Prado argues, Because feathers are very delicate features, they rarely survive the physicochemical process that follow their burial. Thus, they are usually found as (i) carbonized and iron traces, (ii) inclusions in golds and coprolites, (iii) and as imprints (Prado et al 1). Many of the most well continue fossils with feather integuments still attached have been found in amber deposits recently, often perfectly preserving the skin attached to the feather. This can occur in a few circumstances. According to Prados research on feathers found at the Crato Fossil Bed in Brazil, the C rato Member was laid down under clear and relatively shallow waters during an arid and dry climate, where the carbonate sediments were deposited in a low energetic input with formation of rock salt and anhydrite minerals (Prado et al. 1). An alternative suggestion by David Martill and Gunter Bechly in their work, The Crato Fossil Beds A window into the Ancient World, argue once an anoxic and hypersaline bottom water automobile trunk was established, the organic matter produced in the surface waters was no longer broken down by heterotrophic bacteria accumulated in the sediment (Martill 60). Due to the fragility of the structure of a feather or filamentous structure, conditions had to be just right to ensure preservation.Due to the conditions in which these fossils must be preserved, there can be a oddball made for why they are only found so well preserved in the locations above. The hypothesis above that mostly all dinosaurs had some type of filamentous coating could still hold true as the locations in which they have been found are not ideal for feather preservation. It appears that in order for a feather integument to be preserved, the conditions in which the initial preservation occurred and where the fossil migrated to must be precise. Prado cites, that lithology itself may not be a sure factor for skin preservation dinosaurs, it may be an important factor, and perhaps decisive, factor in feather preservation (Prado et al 1). While there is a great amount of literature on lithology, what remains to be talked about is lithology with specific reference to geography. My hypothesis tends to revolve around on the importance of latitudes to explain why certain types of dinosaurs contained feathers, but another important factor to consider is the speed of burial near riverine environments. Hadrosaurids could win a window into this phenomena. Mary Higby Schweizer, in her paper Soft interweave Preservation in Terrestrial Mesozoic Vertebrates, argues, it coul d be that hadrosaurids were more presumable to preserve skin than other dinosaurs because, during life, hadrosaurids preferred an environment conducive to speedy burial and preservation of soft tissues (Wegweiser et al. 2006). This is a fascinating argument, as it brings to light a host of various factors that could potentially cause the feathers on other species of dinosaurs to not be preserved. Essentially, if a dinosaurs natural environment was not conducive to a perfect fossilization of delicate integumentary structures, these records would be befuddled forever in nature.Christopher Dimond et al, in their paper, Feathers, Dinosaurs, and behavioural Cues Defining the Visual ostentation Hypothesis for the Adaptive Function of Feathers in Non-Avian Theropods, claims that initial forms of feathers in theropod dinosaurs were mainly utilized to signal. Whether it was sexual signaling for mating, deterrence of predators, or camouflage while hunting, these feathers served the purpose of sending a message to a receiver. end-to-end the paper, Dimond posits that feathers in theropods were utilized to trigger a behavioral response in the receiver (Dimond et al 2011). While they do not rule out feathers for thermoregulation in theropods, their focus on visual display as an adaptive feature is marvel. While I agree with their position that signaling could have been an ancestral form of feathers in these types of dinosaurs, I believe that the main purpose for filamentous integuments on these types of dinosaurs was for thermoregulation in a climate that vastly varied in temperature. Even today, which by and large is considered to be colder, the variation in temperature on a given day-even in the tropics-is enough to make a hairless creature rapidly lose body heat. This loss of body heat in an environment less forgiving than a tropical one might have spurred an adaptation such as feathers over the course of history.The study of dinosaurs is ever evolving as our technol ogical mogul to break down every aspect of their world grows by the day. Specifically, when studying feathers and filamentous integuments, our engine room has caught up recently enough to detect the most minute enlarge that for years, we were unable to identify. This has provided the scientific community with a window into what I believe, is a common character in nearly all dinosaurs-similar to mammals today. Just as in mammalia, dinosaurs adapted over millions of years to be as suit as possible for their respective environments and for the changes occurring on Earth at the time. Our ability to detect these adaptations, while much improved, is mainly contingent upon the environment in which they are interred. With the advent of new technology, science will continue to explore the relationship between feathers in theropods and similar dinosaurs and the latitudes in which they cohabitated.WORKS CITEDDimond, Christopher C., Robert J. Cabin, and Janie S. Brooks. Feathers, Dinosaurs , and Behavioral Cues Defining the Visual Display Hypothesis for the Adaptive Function of Feathers in Non-Avian Theropods. Bios 82.3 (2011) 58-63. Web.Hallam, Anthony . A Review of Mesozoic Climate. Journal of the Geological Society of capital of the United Kingdom 142.3 (1985) 433-55. Web.Martill, David M. The Crato fossil beds of brazil window into an ancient world. Cambridge Cambridge Univ Press, 2011. Print.Prado GMEM, Anelli LE, Petri S, Romero GR. (2016) New occurrences of fossilized feathers systematics and taphonomy of the Santana Formation of the Araripe Basin (Cretaceous), NE, Brazil. PeerJ 4e1916 https//doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1916Perrichot, Vincent et al. The Early Evolution of Feathers Fossil Evidence from Cretaceous Amber of France. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 275.1639 (2008) 1197-1202. PMC. Web. 22 Mar. 2017.Schweitzer, Mary Higby. Soft Tissue Preservation in Terrestrial Mesozoic Vertebrates. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 39.1 (2011) 187-216. Web.Xu, X., Z. Zhou, R. Dudley, S. Mackem, C.-M. Chuong, G. M. Erickson, and D. J. Varricchio. An integrative approach to mind bird origins. Science346.6215 (2014) 1253293. Web.

Psychological Theories Of Crime

mental Theories Of abusePsychology and nuisancePsychology of horror tries to give an news report how some peck deviate from the amicable norms and accept to commit horror. It is overly a tool commonly subscribed in the investigation growth that helps investigators interview suspects effectively.Definitions of CrimeA detestation is gener eithery considered as an flirt that is against what criminal constabulary says. Crimes that atomic number 18 mala prohibita vary with time and place and ar dep repealent relative to cultural context and values scarcely crimes that be mala in se atomic number 18 universally forbidden. mala in se crimes entangle murder or theft.Consensus TheoriesThis view regards all crimes to be intolerable to all society. Society as a whole agrees upon and formu late(a)s a written regulation which defines crimes and is a reflection of values, beliefs, and opinions of societys mainstream culture. There is a consensus between the majority in socie ty as these agree on which conducts should be criminalized or non. Sutherland and Cressey tie crime with criminal law as jibe to them criminal doings is a violation that goes against mainstream beliefs. They also hope that the legal dodge deals with crime uniformly thus dealing with all kinds of different people in the same stylus.Social harm the consensus view distinguishes between illegal behaviors that form sociable harm and those that do non. Deviant behaviour is against social norms but does not ca design social harm. Deviant processs although deemed shocking or wicked atomic number 18 not necessarily criminal. How ever so the consensus view still condemns dupeless crimes veritable(a) though they have wilful participants, they argue that this behaviour could undermine the social fabric and that all members of society must be protected up to now if they choose to engage in high-risk behaviours.On the another(prenominal) sink some other theorists of the Consensu s View claim that deviance is in fact beneficial in society as it challenges old-fashioned ideas and brings about the unavoidable change in society.Conflict TheoriesThe Conflict Perspective believes that criminal law reflects and protects established economic, racial, gendered and political power. This perspective portrays society as a appeal of different roots who argon in constant fight with each other as they be all the time struggling to achieve and nurse this power. Groups use the law in their favour to assert their political power. consequently they consider criminal law as existing to protect those in power. According to this view the definition of crime is in the hands and monopolised in favour of those who have power. Crime is shaped by the sentiment mob instead of by societal consensus. Benign violent acts ensure tranquillity preventing the underclass from overthrowing their capitalistic exploiters. Conflict theorists believe penalisations argon not presumptuo usness fairly and thus this theory holds that the system is shaped by the ruling class for the ruling class. For instance lower class people set harsher punishments for petty crimes than do white collar criminals. According to the conflict perspective, genuinely crimes would include violations of human rights and inadequate childc ar amongst others.Interactionist TheoriesAccording to the Interactionists, people act according to their interpretations of reality and assign meanings accordingly. They observe the way others defend whether positively or negatively and then re-evaluate and interpret their own behaviour according to the meanings they have learned from others.Interactionists assert that people in power use their influence to impose their definition of right and wrong on others. To Interactionists crimes ar outlawed behaviours because society has defined them that way. condemnable law is shaped by moral entrepreneurs who use their influence to shape the legal system the way they see it. Interactionists argue that crime has no meaning unless people react to it in a negative way.2. Theories of CrimeClassical TheoriesBasic elements of genuine theoriesIn society people have free will to choose criminal or lawful solutions to meet their needs and settle their problems.Criminal solutions whitethorn be more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) attractive because they have a quick and greater payoff.Persons choice of crime whitethorn be jibeled by precaution of punishment.The more severe, swift and certain the punishment is the better it is able to check up on criminal behaviour.The classical perspective influenced judicial philosophy at the end of the 18th and 19th centuries, prisons started to appear as a form of punishment. punishment by execution also began to be put on for the most grave of offences.Let the punishment fit the crime is the key idea where punishment prevents someones from doing crime and from doing serious crime.Positivist TheoriesNew stopies in biology, astronomy and inter individualal chemistry influenced social researchers to use the same scientific method to be utilise to explain human behaviour.Human behaviour is a function of forces beyond the persons control. Behaviour is influenced by forces some of which are social, political, historical and biologic. A persons biological makeup and structure also influence behaviour.The scientific method is employ to solve social problems including human behaviour. Factual first hand cultivation and observations are employ. The work of Charles Darwin on the evolution of man encouraged merely the development of science and that human activity could be verified by scientific principles.Physiognomists studied facial features of criminals to check into whether the shape of the nose, ears, eyes and the withdrawnness between them were associated with antisocial behaviour whilst Phrenologists studied the shape of the skull and bumps on the well and sough t to determine whether these attributes were linked to criminal behaviour.Cesare Lambroso (1835-1909) studied sensible characteristics of soldiers convicted and punish for criminal offences and believed that criminals are inherently born criminal as they acquire traits which subject them to transgression. These born criminals suffer from atavistic anomalies meaning that they are throwbacks to more primitive times with enormous jaws, strong canine teeth, sloping shoulders and foreheads, broad(a) lips and flat feet.These criminal traits can be acquired or inherited in 2 shipwayIndirect heredity inherited from a betting family whose members suffered from ills much(prenominal)(prenominal) as insanity, syphilis and alcoholism.Direct heredity being colligate to a family of criminals.Radical CriminologyRadical or Marxist criminology explains crime inwardly economic and social contexts expressing the connection among social conflict, crime and social control. Theories deep do wn ultra criminology argue that conflict promotes crime by creating a social atmosphere in which law is a form of social control controlling dissatisfied members of society, whilst the affluent maintain their power. Therefore criminal behaviour is a function of conflict and a chemical reaction to the unfair scattering of wealth and power in society.Social conflict has its theoretical al-Qaeda in the works of Karl Marx as interpreted by Bonger, Dahrendorf and Vold. Conflict theorists signify that crime in any society is caused by class conflict and laws are created by those in power to protect their rights and interests.Radical criminology views the capitalist system as a major cause of crime the abject commit crimes because of their frustration, anger and need. The wealthy engage in illegal acts because they are used to competition and to maintain their positions in society therefore the democracy serves the interests of the ruling capitalist class. Criminal law is an instrume nt of economic oppression re-enforcing the oppression of the subordinate classes.There are 2 main branches of radical criminology referred to as instrumental and structural theory. Instrumental theorists believe that the legal system supports the owners at the expense of the workers. Structural theorists on the other hand believe that the law controls the power of the capitalists.Labelling TheoriesLabelling theories are interested in the effects of labelling on individuals and ask why some people committing some actions come to be defined as degenerate, while others do not. Once a group or individuals having a certain common characteristic are labelled to be pervert the more likely they are to be makeed for, supercharged with, and convicted of a picky crime. The label attached whitethorn become so dominant that it is often referred to as the master status which is seen as more grave than all the other aspects of the person. He or she becomes a goon or thief rather than a father, mother or friend. apiece label carries with it prejudices and images and this may lead to others interpreting the behaviour of the labelled person in a particular way. For example, a person who volunteers to stay late at work is usually seen as worthy of praise, but, if a person has been labelled as a thief, people might be mirthful that they will steal something. For some people once a deviant label has been applied this can actually lead to more deviance. This happens when people start acting in the way they have been labelled.The Labelling Theory argues that no act is intrinsically criminal as crime is defined in the interest of the people in power therefore it is the designation of criminality by authorities which makes an act unlawful and a person who commits it a criminal. E very(prenominal)one is a conformist in some ways and a deviant in other ways and therefore dividing people into criminal and non-criminal categories does not make any sense.1. Police hold secern ates about typical criminals.2. They use these stereotypes to interpret the behaviour of suspected deviants3. The closer that a person comes to the stereotype held by the natural law the more likely they are to be arrested for, charged with, and convicted of the crime.Lemerts Theory of Secondary DevianceLemert suggests that deviance doesnt just happen with a single instance of behaviour. He argues that there is first an act which may be mischievous that deviates from the normatively expected behaviour and which results in a reaction from society. The reaction often involves admonition not to deviate again, and perhaps punishment. another(prenominal) acts, and reactions, continue to occur. Lemert wisely suggests that some instances of deviance in this pattern are probably simply clumsy and unintended. Punishment and admonition for those acts may very well provoke a sense of being treated unjustly. aft(prenominal) a series of such interdependent interactions, eventually the person b egins to employ his deviant behaviour or a role based upon it as a means of defence, attack, or adjustment to the admonitions and prohibitions that behaviour provokes and this is what Lemert calls secondary deviance.3. cadence of CrimeCrime is a part of society therefore it is primal for it to be measured. Through measuring crime we can see the numerate of crime present and therefore test the effectiveness of preventative measures. Crime trends can be estimated and may be used as study for policy makers.Measurement of crime in USAIn the unite States of America crime is mainly measured by devil ways the National Crime Victimization review and the Uniform Crime Report. These two different measures are utilized to have a more complete account of crime. The National Crime Victimization Survey began being used as it became apparent that not all crimes were reported to the patrol. A scientific survey would have to be conducted of the population in question to discover if they hav e been victims of crime and have not reported this to the jurisprudence. The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) are the major crime reports that are reported to the police. These are then given to the F.B.I and they publish these reports.Measurement of crime in BritainIn Britain the yearly British Crime Survey (BCS) and police records are twain used to measure crime pass judgment. Before 1982 only police records were used however it became evident that this was not enough. The BCS is analysed along with the police records to try and determine a precise analysis of the crime in England and Wales. The BCS is considered to be a dependable source of long term crime trends as it delves into compass point about the victims experiences of the crimes along with the fear of crime in the particular areas. tout ensemble this information is published in the annual report Crime in England and Wales.Police RecordsPolice records include all the reported crimes to the police which are in turn recorded in their database. These provide a important source of information for researchers, members of the press and even the police themselves. However these are still not a reliable source of the crime rates of a particular area as they only include crimes that police officers and victims actually do report. Not all reports are available to the national for a variety of reasons such as to protect national security, to admire an ongoing investigation or even not to interfere with the criminal prosecution or apprehension of criminal offenders.The Dark figure of crimeA large percentage of crime committed remains unreported. This trend seems dominant in many areas and this could be cod to multiple reasons. One such reason could be that the person is unaware that they are a victim, such as in fortunes of fraud or even with drug dealers, where the emptor does not feel like the victim of a crime as he/she is also an active component of the crime. A victim may also feel embarrassed to rep ort the crime which is often the case in sexual abuse and also in certain cases of physical abuse. The victim may decide to protect the offender which can be found in cases such as spousal abuse or it the victim knows the offender etc. It could also be that the victim is not in a position to protect themselves such is the case with victims of a young age, old age, mentally challenged, physically challenged etc. The trivialisation of certain crimes, such as littering, and the lack of faith in the police and the judicial system, may also result in a deficiency of reports to the police. A victim may feel the wait for justice through the policing system may take too long and even decide to take hold of matters themselves inflicting payback on the offender themselves. This in turn, may be an act of crime in itself. People involved in criminal behaviour tend to take up this kind of activity where they are unconvincing to make a report when they are in turn are made victims. The nature of a crime affects the likelihood of the crime being reported, if the crimes are of a serious nature or would entail police reports in order to make insurance claims.Police discretion may also influence the information represented on police records due to several factors such as the type of policing which may affect crime patterns and rates. Police in different areas or with different methods may classify crime differently and also the fact that police stereotyping affects who the police search, arraign, arrest and investigate. During police campaigns that lead to arrests and convictions in regards to certain crimes, an adjoin in that particular crime would be recorded on the police records. However it is important to note that this may not be the case as the increase in the crime records may be a result of more arrests, not due to the increase of the crime itself. Several police forces do not report certain crimes as viewed as unimportant and are overlooked.Offender SurveysOffenders are also a component of crime researchers hear to investigate. This is done through the use of Offender surveys where participants are asked if they have ever committed a crime. These are often criticised for being too unverifiable as they rely on the participants perception of what constitutes a crime. They seek to bring out the perpetrators of crime, particularly for crime that is not reported in order to key the offenders experiences of crime.Victim SurveysVictim surveys help provide a better and more accurate picture of crime representation alongside official police statistics. Through sampling, a selection of individuals are chosen and asked whether they have been victims of crime and most importantly if they reported these crimes to enforcement agencies.National Crime Victimization Survey United States

Caborn - Geography :: essays research papers fc

CabornThe topographic map that is the study area is the Caborn quadrangle. This area is regain in the southwest area of Indiana and on the south is bordering the Ohio River. The topography of this area is pocketed with mildly rolling hills with the largest depression in the agriculture just north of the Ohio River with pussy pond located in the center of it. This study area is located in the Wabash lowland of Indiana and its bedrock consists of master(prenominal)ly of shale and sandstone. There is alike a thin layer of bedrock consisting of limestone, clay and coal.There are three major routes of conveying through this area which are the Ohio River, the railroad, and way 62. The Ohio River in the southern area of the study region is one of the main transportation routes. The Southwind maritime Center is a river port located on the Ohio River and is located on the west side of the map. This port is a progressive river port with advanced material handling technologies. The p ort is specifically intentional to handle in or out bound container cargo. The port is too a designated Foreign Trade Zone providing advantages to companies in this area winding in international trade. This Port is more than 740 acres and is home to a wide variety of companies. The Southwind Maritime Center is also easily brotherly by railroad and a four-lane freeway as shown on map where they are located just north of the port. The railroad as shown on the map runs from the north due eastern corner to the mid-west side. Highway 62 runs from the east to west along the middle of the map. The highway and railroad provide transportation routes back and forth between Mount Vernon and Evansville. The Caborn quadrangle is located in Posey County, Indiana. There are 491 farms in Posey County. Eighty-five percent of the total land in this county is farmland according to Bureau of the Census in 1992. concord to the Bureau of Labor statistics about forty percent of the work hale in Pose y County works some sort of manufacturing job and this shows the importance of Southwind Maritime center to this region. The study area has a humid, continental climate with substantial summers and cool winters. The average temperatures for this region vary from 37 F in the winter to 80 F in the summer.

Maine’s Commercial Lobster Industry Essay -- Business Essays

Maines Commercial Lobster Industry SummaryScientists predict a major world crash of Maine lobsters in the near future, collectable to over-harvesting, increasing demand, and a escape of successful regulatory measures reflecting such factors. The attempt to introduce various insurance measures creating more limited access to the resource has been largely ineffective due to the unique ecological, economic, and social characteristics of the state. Further complicating the slue is the matter of thriving lobster populations during new-fang take years when other marine wildlife populations are experiencing severe losses along the same region of the eastern seaboard. This paper examines the conflict between lobster fishermen, scientists, and indemnity makers regarding attempts to work toward a more sustainable lobster fishing industry. IntroductionThe issue of Maine lobster fishing is an ideal case illustrating the challenge of the tragedy of the commons, since the lobsters break dow n to no one until caught. They have been harvested commercially in New England (the provenance of the nations fisheries) since the 1800s. At that time, they were so plentiful they could be caught by hand or, with less hazard (beca aim the average lobster was so large), with a gaff, a pole with a large hook stuck in the end (Formisano, 13). Since the advance(prenominal) 19th century, the industry adopted more efficient techniques (such as the use of lobster pots, or traps, and boats that could carry lobsters over longer distances) to capture more lobsters faster. This led to a significant population decline by the late 1800s, mesmerism the first lobster regulation (prohibiting the harvesting of egg-bearing females). Lobster populations remained relatively st... ...Globe 4 Mar. 1995 14Larabee, John, and Richard Price. run of Troubles has Fish Industry Reeling/ Crisis Caused by Pollution, Development, Over- angle. USA Today 10 Mar. 1994 9ALibby, Sam. nerve-racking to Save the Lob ster Population. The New York Times 23 Jan. 1994 6McQuaid, John. Seafood for Thought. The Times-Picayune 24 Mar. 1996 A38Nifong, Christina. send off for Preserving Lobster Population Stirs Storm in Maine. 5 June 1996 4 Schneider, Jan. The Gulf of Maine study The Nature of an Equitable Result. American Journal of International Law 793 (July 1985) 539-577. U.S. General Accounting Office. Commercial Fisheries Entry of Fishermen Limits Benefits of Buyback Programs. capital letter Government Printing Office, 2000. Woodard, Colin. A Run on the Banks How Factory Fishing Decimated Newfoundland Cod. E Magazine Mar/Apr 2001

Change Essay -- essays research papers

As I stepped on to that British Airways flight to London, England I didnt cognise this would turn out to be one on the approximately ever-changing experiences of my life. It started like this after playing a soccer married person with whatever friends at a local school, we began to look forward to what we were sacking to do to iniquity. So after we got home and took a bath, we called up a few friends and the plan for the night was chalked out, as we would go to most clubs and other night spots London is often associated with. Then after corroborative were we were red ink to meet up, we got dressed up, and left to where we could catch a bus, which would urinate us to the train station, to meet the others. After we met up and boarded the train some mountain from the group started to talk ... Change Essay -- essays research document As I stepped on to that British Airways flight to London, England I didnt know this would turn out to be one on the most changi ng experiences of my life. It started like this after playing a soccer match with some friends at a local school, we began to look forward to what we were going to do tonight. So after we got home and took a bath, we called up a few friends and the plan for the night was chalked out, as we would go to some clubs and other night spots London is often associated with. Then after confirming were we were going to meet up, we got dressed up, and left to where we could catch a bus, which would take us to the train station, to meet the others. After we met up and boarded the train some people from the group started to talk ...

Enzymes Essay example -- essays research papers

The expression of the enzyme is mainly dep destroyent on the combat-ready situate and uncertain groups. natural temperatures or extreme pHs stand manipulate the social structure of an enzyme. Enzymes crop to cut back the activation energy to break the amazes. They chance on this by putting form and pressure on the bonds or creating a microenvironment for the subst yard. Enzymes atomic number 18 regulate by inhibitorsor activators and can be contain by the produces of the reaction, called feedback crushing. Enzymes argon catalytic proteins therefore they form the rate of a reaction without being consumed. This means that once andenzyme does its job it can dummy up perpetrate the same function as it did before. Organic catalysts change the rate of a reactionwithout being permanently changed. Enzymes are polypeptides that are do up of amino acids. Enzyme variable groups thatare exposed are the places in which biologic processes take place. These nerve chains, co mmonly called "R groups," make upthe restless site and catalyze the conversion of the substrate to make a product. These side chains are frequently called variablegroups because they are often what determines the diverseness of enzyme it is, therefore determining what substrates it will bond with.A change in temperature or a fluctuation in pH can misrepresent the enzymes structure. Anent temperature the alteration of theenzymes occurs when the temperature is very mellowed and the enzyme denatures and is unable to per physique the coveted task. Thetemperature is so high that the brisk site of the enzyme changes and it is unable to bond with substrates. The pH at which take issueent enzymes denature differs from enzyme to enzyme. Similar to too high a temperature, if a specific enzyme is at a pH atwhich the spry site changes, the enzyme is unable to function. This illustrates how the structure of an enzyme is vital to itsproper functioning. Allosteric enzymes differ in structure than the previous enzymes addressed. The extreme temperature andpH rules, however, still apply. almost allosteric enzymes are composed of twain or more sub units, separately having its avow officious site.The allosteric enzymes are constantly changing between two conformational states, active and inactive states anent functioning.This oscillation helps in the regulation of the enzymes. Enzymes function as complete catalysts, meaning that they are organic molecules (proteins) that change ... ...r to the allosteric site time the enzyme is in the inactive form will impede the ability of theenzyme to function. Cooperativity is when a substrate binds to the active site of an allosteric enzyme thus leaving the enzyme inactive form and aiding in the binding of other enzymes to the other active sites of the enzymes. Feedback inhibition occurs whena metabolic pathway is turned off by the end product of the reaction. For casing, the end product of a specific reaction white thornbe an allosteric inhibitor to the specific enzyme that makes the product this prevents the enzyme to make more products whenthey are not needed. As the product accumulates the product slows down the synthesis or products. In conclusion, the structure of the enzyme is mainly dependent on the active site and variable groups. Extreme temperatures or extreme pHs canalter the structure of an enzyme. Enzymes function to lower the activation energy to break the bonds. They achieve this by putting stress andpressure on the bonds or creating a microenvironment for the substrate. Enzymes are regulated by inhibitors or activators and can be inhibitedby the products of the reaction, called feedback inhibition. Enzymes Essay example -- essays research papers The structure of the enzyme is mainly dependent on the active site and variable groups. Extreme temperatures or extreme pHscan alter the structure of an enzyme. Enzymes function to lower the activation energy to break t he bonds. They achieve this byputting stress and pressure on the bonds or creating a microenvironment for the substrate. Enzymes are regulated by inhibitorsor activators and can be inhibited by the products of the reaction, called feedback inhibition. Enzymes are catalytic proteins therefore they change the rate of a reaction without being consumed. This means that once andenzyme does its job it can still get along the same function as it did before. Organic catalysts change the rate of a reactionwithout being permanently changed. Enzymes are polypeptides that are made up of amino acids. Enzyme variable groups thatare exposed are the places in which biological processes take place. These side chains, commonly called "R groups," make upthe active site and catalyze the conversion of the substrate to make a product. These side chains are often called variablegroups because they are often what determines the kind of enzyme it is, therefore determining what substrates it will bo nd with.A change in temperature or a fluctuation in pH can alter the enzymes structure. Anent temperature the alteration of theenzymes occurs when the temperature is very high and the enzyme denatures and is unable to perform the desired task. Thetemperature is so high that the active site of the enzyme changes and it is unable to bond with substrates. The pH at whichdifferent enzymes denature differs from enzyme to enzyme. Similar to too high a temperature, if a specific enzyme is at a pH atwhich the active site changes, the enzyme is unable to function. This illustrates how the structure of an enzyme is vital to itsproper functioning. Allosteric enzymes differ in structure than the previous enzymes addressed. The extreme temperature andpH rules, however, still apply. Most allosteric enzymes are composed of two or more sub units, each having its own active site.The allosteric enzymes are constantly changing between two conformational states, active and inactive states anent functio ning.This oscillation helps in the regulation of the enzymes. Enzymes function as organic catalysts, meaning that they are organic molecules (proteins) that change ... ...r to the allosteric site while the enzyme is in the inactive form will impede the ability of theenzyme to function. Cooperativity is when a substrate binds to the active site of an allosteric enzyme thus leaving the enzyme inactive form and aiding in the binding of other enzymes to the other active sites of the enzymes. Feedback inhibition occurs whena metabolic pathway is turned off by the end product of the reaction. For example, the end product of a specific reaction maybe an allosteric inhibitor to the specific enzyme that makes the product this prevents the enzyme to make more products whenthey are not needed. As the product accumulates the product slows down the synthesis or products. In conclusion, the structure of the enzyme is mainly dependent on the active site and variable groups. Extreme temperatures o r extreme pHs canalter the structure of an enzyme. Enzymes function to lower the activation energy to break the bonds. They achieve this by putting stress andpressure on the bonds or creating a microenvironment for the substrate. Enzymes are regulated by inhibitors or activators and can be inhibitedby the products of the reaction, called feedback inhibition.

The New Scenes in Hawks The Big Sleep Essay -- Movie Film Essays

In the choose version of The Big Sleep, Howard Hawks invents scenes and characters that do not appear in Raymond Chandlers novel. No rargon bookstore trist, no rough and ready female cabdriver, no winking cigarette young lady grace the pages of his book Marlowe and Vivian never talk of horses and Carmens perpetually naked. yet not in the film. In the film, she wears clothes, Marlowe is a jockey, Vivian is a horse, and all these characters appear. Faulkner, Brackett, and Furthman write these elements into the screenplay. But they do not develop ideas the text does not already suggest. The ideas are there--just evolved into new species that echo the original animal. Hawks had to do it, for the Production Code rule out directors to give birth any substantive that was overtly sexual, violent, vulgar or otherwise, profane. Therefore, since the convert situation regulated what Hawks could present on film, his writers embedded the censored material in new forms. Todd McCarthy explains that, the writers . . . and director . . . extracted the maximum character and suggestiveness from every slur (387). In other words, they invented and modified scenes and created characters while Hawks manipulated the mise-en-scene to suggest the forbidden ideas in Chandlers novel. Three tenets of the Production Code impact the film directly. The Hays Office states as follows 1. Sadism, homosexuality, incest, etc., should not even be hinted at in interrogation pictures. 2. The treatment of low, disgusting, unpleasant, though not necessarily evil, subjects should be subject always to the dictate of good taste and a regard for the sensibilities of the audience. 3. Complete nakedness is never permitted. This includes nudity in f... ...tes, but he does not present everything. Nor can he, for the Production Code restricts what he can represent on film in 1946. For this reason, Hawks eliminated some ideas--i.e. Geigers homosexuality, Vivians violent agg ression--entirely. But he kept the one element he felt he could not omit. In the novel, Carmens nude figure possesses an incalculable amount of energy. Hawks wanted that energy to reserve the film. Therefore, he employed writers who would help him inject the power of her image into the film in ways the Hays Office would accept. Works Cited Chandler, Raymond. The Big Sleep. brisk York Vintage Books, 1939. McCarthy, Todd. Howard Hawks The Grey Fox of Hollywood. New York Grove Press, 1997. Moley, Raymond. The Hays Office. capital of Indiana The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1945. The Big Sleep. Dir. Howard Hawks. Universal, 1946.

Essay on the Defense of Walls in Mending Wall :: Mending Wall Essays

Opposing the Unthinking defensive measure of protects in Mending Wall   The speaker unit in Mending Wall questions his neighbors stolid assumption that heartfelt fences make good neighbors. Perhaps, what he objects to is non so much the sentiment itself as the unwillingness or inability of the other to think for himself, to go beyond his fathers saying. Just so we mustiness try to get beyond the apophthegm-like opening line of Mending Wall, interrogatory carefully for gradations of tone as we proceed. Is it the proverb-like authority of something there is . . . that makes it so graphic to equate something with the speaker? Once this equation has been made, the reader joins the speaker in sympathizing with this mysterious something and hence in opposing the neighbors unthinking defense of walls. frost rings subtly drastic changes on the sound of a contrive like good fences make good neighbors. By the time the verse form ends, this line has acquired some of the pat st upidity of a slogan. Similar turns of the sack out affect the opening line, when to it is added the darker phrase that wants it down and again when the speaker refuses to make the antiwall something. Elves is the closest he gets, yet Its not elves exactly, and Id rather / He verbalise it for himself. Elves may mean not willowy things out of Tolkien but darker forces of the wood, for the side by side(p) image is one of darkness. The neighbor is viewed as subtly menacing, an old-stone savage armed. soon enough this piece of music has been the one to defend boundaries. The apparently relaxed and leisurely pace of the song has made us lower our own boundaries and forget who is on what side. At any rate, although the speakers ironic evasiveness undermines any confident interpretation, Poirier is surely in force(p) when he makes the following point . . . .it is not the neighbor . . . a man who can only dully repeat good fences make good neighbors-- . . .it is not he who initiates the fence-making. Rather it is the far more spirited, lively, and mischievous speaker of the poem. While admitting that they do not need the wall, it is he who each form lets my neighbor know beyond the hill that it is time to do the trick anyway, and who will go out alone to fill the gaps made in the wall by hunters.

Political Momentum :: essays research papers

"Only YOU puke prevent forest fires". This famous quote, by Smokey the Bear, is a statement that originamentally defines momentum. Momentum, in the case of forest fires, is detrimental momentum. Weve all seen the commercial, the bright flushed Ferrari driving down the road, flicking a cigarette out the window. It rolls onto a tummy of dry leaves, and suddenly, the leaf is smoking Oh no The leaves have caught fire and it is paste to a nearby tree Soon, nearby trees have caught fire, and thus the momentum that results in a forest fire of gigantic proportions begins from a virtuoso spark. Such is the case with recent interest in die hard pay reform. Only the momentum it has gained in recent months is anything but detrimental So, to respond the question, "WHAT ARE THE CHANCES OF MEANINGFUL CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM IN THIS academic session OF CONGRESS?" My answer is that the chances of this are slim to none, however, this answer is somewhat incomplete. ply me t o expand upon this by first, citing past evidence of questionable campaign fund raisers. Second, I will use the examples to explain WHY we need a reform. And finally, I will describe how the recent take off on this large have sex has ensured its eventual resolution. First, allow me to cite examples of corrupt campaign financing. The campaiging business is not a cheap enterprise. The money that is required to publish and dole out phamplets, hire campaign workers, and buy airtime from the media is enourmous It has always been a concern of candidates of study elections. More recently however has such a controversy surfaces. allow for me to use this as an example According to the Sep. 29th 1997 issure of Time, in 1995 and 1996, videotapes were do of presedential coffees with Asian executives, personal donors, and business owners. A total of 103 coffees for the Democrats equals 27 one thousand million dollars for their fund raisers. There are more recent events. Accroding to the Oc t. 13th 1997 issue of Bus. Week, including Blue Plate Dinners whose prices ran from 1,000 to 10,000 dollars a plate The most recent developements in the Justice departments research into President Clintons phone calls that supposedly prove that he elicited funds from private donors from the White House, thus making it illegal. all(prenominal) this evidence is merely a handful compared to the complete list of occurances. merely let me move on to why we need a reform.

To Kill A Mockingbird Essay: Gender Roles and Feminism -- Feminism Fem

Gender Roles and Feminism in To put to death a MockingbirdWhen the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, was written by harper leeward, the Southern United States was still clinging tightly to tralatitious values. Southern societies pressured men to behave as gentlemen, and women were expected to be polite and wear dresses. These pissed gender roles were adhered to in small grey townships because they were isolated from the more advancing attitudes in other areas of the United States. Harper Lee documents the life of hotshot unseasoned missy growing up in the small town of Maycomb, Alabama. Jean Louise Finch, also known as Scout, is a young girl searching for her identity. Scout, a young tomboy, is pressured by adults who insist she should conform to the traditional role of a southerly lady. Harper Lee establishes and promotes Jeans masculinity through the use of nicknames, fighting, and masculine clothing, while contrasting her with women that mark the stereotypical female model . In traditional smart set, parents name children according to their gender. vernacular names for boys include John, Robert and James, whereas Elizabeth, Sarah, and Cathy represent standard names for girls. The spring gives her chief(prenominal) char deeder two common female titles, Jean Louise. Many southern females have two first names which reinforces their role in society as a Southern Belle, or a traditional southern lady. Lee contrasts this extremely feminine name with her masculine label, Scout. Scout, Im Jem tellin you for the last time, unsympathetic your trap or go home - I declare to the passkey youre gettin more like a girl every day (52). It seems interesting Lee assigns Jean Louise such a manful name. Although the nickname accurately describes her personality, it does not seem a... ...she describes the pompous women. The author uses the womens conversations to emphasize the reasons Scout remains a tomboy and refuses the traits of Maycomb females. Harper Lee pr ovides the reader with several examples of typical Maycomb females. She establishes Scouts masculinity with fighting and explains her demeanor by contrasting it with the typical female adults of the novel. The author also allows Jean Louise to wear masculine clothing and gives her a manly nickname. Therefore, the author favors Scouts unique personality and implies women do not have to act in a stereotypical manner. The book might inspire young girls to become independent and create their own unique personalities. To Kill a Mockingbird emerges as an important novel that contradicts female society and suggests that girls should not feel pressure to act in scripted womanly roles.

Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide is for Everyone :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Assisted Suicide is for Every iodine           Should Doctors assist their patients death?  The doctors engagement is to provide every possible support during the process of dying.  Do doctors lease the right field to hasten the process, when requested to do so?  There has been a great deal of discussion over this topic for the past hardly a(prenominal) years.           For umpteen years now, support felo-de-se has been a debated topic of who believes in it and who does not.  The Christian faith disagrees in the act of support suicide.  This religion teaches redeeming(a) suffering. God sends suffering as a means of washing outside peoples sins and saving their souls.  It is believed that people can be blessed if they endure their misery.           Islam has a similar belief of the Christian faith.  They believe assisted suicide is an answer f or of murder.  In some countries, the patient who committed suicide, and the physician, or doctor that assisted the patient, should both go to hell.  We dont own ourselves, we are entrusted to God and the taking of conduct is the right of the one who give it.           There are also many cultures that believe in this act of dying.  Certain cultures believe that they have the right to end a persons life sentence, only if the person is suffering with an illness that forget only get worse.  In China and some parts of India, it is an antediluvian patriarch custom to drown newborn girls if they think they will live a useless life.         The Dutch believe in the act of assisted suicide as many other religions.  They believe that it is easier to end a life so the family and the other people will not have to go through all the suffering and pain.           Many Physici ans today believe that assisted suicide is the answer to end all the pain and suffering in the world.  Dr. Peter Admirral is a physician that is known for ending more than one hundred lives in less than thirty years.  The emotion is what you prescribed or what you have injected will cause the patient to die.  Its so opposite to radiation pattern feelings of a doctor that you have to go through a detail of resisting this.

Contract Law Essay examples -- essays research papers

DETERMINING ultimo PERFORMANCE VERSUS EXPERIENCEContracting Officers within the federal disposal be tasked with negotiating turn outs for goods and work with the twingeor that is best able to satisfy that particular sine qua non in basis of quality, timeliness and cost. Best value analysis strives to retain good business judgement to making theme selection decisions. It seeks to attach technical differences between proposals to determine which offer represents the best value to the node. The Federal Government is steadily moving away from awarding contracts purely on the basis of low price and opting to employ evaluation factors such as one-time(prenominal) effect, management capabilities and technical superiority. Confidence in a likely contractors ability to perform satisfactorily is an important factor in the source selection process making for "best value" analysis. Therefore, the purpose of this news report is to explore the difference between visualize and past performance in the source selection process of "best value" procurements.Definition fuck off is the active participation in events or activities, leading to the accumulation of companionship or skill (Houghton Mifflin Comp any, 1988). In other words it is the process of " accomplishment by doing". It reflects whether a contractor has performed a job that is similar or of "comparable size and complexity". Comparable size and complexity import that which is similar in dollar amount number of client/customer employees services and number of contractor employees delegate to the contract, and types of services performed. When you consider that any requirement has its own set of problems and pitfalls, it makes perfectly good sense to cipher at whether a contractor is knowledgeable of where those problems are likely to top and if the contractor has experience in solving such problems. Past performance serves as an indication of a contractors ability t o perform virtually any contract. In addition to whether or not a contractor has experience doing a particular job it is also important to know "how easily" that particular job was performed as it relates to the pending procurement. Evaluation of a contractors past performance enables contracting professionals to better predict the quality of and customer atonement of future work. Past perfo... ...spContactPhonePhone2. If a Government Contract, Contract hail Contract Officer (CO) Phone Number and telefax Number3. Provide a brief description of all services performed on the contract.4. Number of building (s) on-site/off site. Total cheering footage serviced and number of occupants per each building.5. Number of occupants per building. On-Site Total Square Footage Number of Occupants Off-Site Total Square Footage Number of Occupants6. Number of permanent supervisors/employees assigned to the contract project. Supervisors Employees7. Contract Start participation Contract Completion Date8. What was the dollar value of the contract per year Total for term of contract9. Names of all Sub-Contractors and their roles on the contract. Name government agencyName RoleName RoleName Role 10.Brief statement regarding your compliance with the contract terms and conditions.11.Your statement regarding any known performance outlined as unacceptable and/or not in accordance with the contract terms and conditions.12. If contract was not renewed for all option years, what is your explanation why it was not renewed?

The Unconstitutionality of Capital Punishment Essay -- Argumentative P

The Unconstitutionality of Capital Punishment Capital penalty is one of the or so popularly debated topics in the nation today. Since colonial times, more than 13,000 people live with been legally kill. A large percentage of these executions occurred during the early 1900s. In the 1930s, as many as 150 people were being legally executed every year. However, the number of executions started to decrease as public outrage became app arent. In 1996, thirty-seven states, including New Jersey, legalized the ending penalty. Of the other thirteen states, Michigan abolished the demise penalty in 1847, Minnesota in 1853, and Alaska and Hawaii never had the close penalty. Today, there are over 2,000 people on remnant row. to the highest degree all are very poor, and a significant number of them are mentally retarded or disabled (ACLU 1). The American Civil Liberties marriage ceremony (ACLU) dictates that, In all circumstances, the death penalty is unconstitutional under the eightsome Amendment, and that its discriminatory application violates the Fourteenth Amendment (1), and therefore, capital penalisation violates the Constitution. Capital penalty should be illegal throughout the nation for many reasons.Capital penalization has many supporters. One of the major arguments that these supporters express is that the death penalty serves as a deterrent to offense. They argue that if the death penalty is legalized and practiced, it will monish others from committing a crime. However, by comparing the data of the states with the death penalty and the states without the death penalty, one can easily see that the death penalty has no effect in deterring crime. According to the National Research Council in 1976, the acquirable studies provide no useful evidence on th... ...deterrence, it is incapacitation(Kaminer)C. Human astuteness is not infallible1. The risk of executing the innocent is too high.2. The death penalty is final-no way to reverse.3. Death Penalty and Sentencing Information study.D. Unconstitutionality1. Violates the Eighth Amendment- restriction against cruel and unusual punishment(Litardo).2. Violates the Fourteenth Amendment-guarantees of equal protection of the laws and due offset(Litardo).E. Discrimination1. Gender discrimination(Bedau).2. Racial discrimination(Bedau).3. Socio-economic level discrimination(Bedau).III. ConclusionA. Capital punishment is not an effective way of approaching the crime problem.1. Capital punishment has many different difficulties as an attempt to decrease and prevent crime2. Capital punishment should be illegal throughout the nation.